Can Skepticism Be Defended, Perhaps In A Limited Form? Essay -- essays

Can Skepticism Be Defended, Perhaps In A Limited Form?1. IntroductionThis essay centres around what it means to know something is straightforward and also whyit is important to distinguish between what you know and do not or tolerate not know.The skeptic in challenging the possibility of knowing anything challenges thebasis on which all epistemology is based. It is from this attack on epistemologythat the defence of agnosticism is seen.2. Strong ScepticismStrong scepticism states that it is not possible to know anything. That is wecannot energize absolute knowledge of anything. This can however immediately havethe reflexive argument turned on it and have the capitulum begged of it If itis not possible to know anything then how is it you know that nothing isknowable ?. Strong Scepticism is therefore unable to be defended.3. A interpretation of KnowledgeKnowledge can be said to be information that the brain has received that meets acertain hard-boiled of criteria. When someone states that they know something they mustinessalso suppose that, that something is so. If they did not believe in it then howcould they take it in as knowledge ?, they would instead be doubtful of it andlook for deduction or justification as to why they should believe it.Secondly for someone to believe in something they must also believe that it istrue. If they did not believe that it was true then what is mentioned abovewould not occur.So, so far it is decided that knowledge should be true belief. How does one cometo the conclusion that something is true however ?. We look justification. Thejustification really is the most important part of the criteria because withoutit one cannot say something is true and therefore cannot say that one believes.This does however bring up the question of how does something become justified ?,do we hear it from other people ?, see it on the news ?. The justification ofsomething really depends on its predictability. If something becomes predicta blethen it can becomes justified aswell. For example, I know that the sun will risetomorrow is a fair thing to say because I believe this is so, I believe this istrue, and I am justified in believing this due to my past experience* of thepredictableness of the sun rising each day.The only problem with meeting the set of criteria laid out above is that onemust use one senses to do so and as shall be shown ... ...Britain Methuen & Co.Ltd.Dancy, Jonathon (1985), An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology, GreatBritain basil Blackwell Ltd.Descartes, Rene (as translated by E.S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross) (1969), ThePhilosophical Works of Decartes vol. I - II, Cambridge Cambridge UniversityPress.Edwards, Paul (1965), The Logic of Moral Discourse, New York The Free Press.Gorovitz, Williams (1967), Philosophical Analysis, An Introduction to ItsLanguage & Techniques, New York Random House.Guthrie, W. K. C. (1971), The Sophists, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Hamlyn, D. W. (1983), The guess of Knowledge, London Macmillan Press.Harris, Errol (1969), Fundamentals of Philosophy - A Study of Classical Texts,U.S.A. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.Harrison, J. (1966-67). A Philosophers Nightmare or The Ghost not Laid.Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Vol LXVII.Hume, David (1962), A Treatise of human race Nature, Great Britain Fontana Library.Presley, C. F. (1967), The Identity Theory of Mind, St Lucia University ofQueensland Press.van Inwagen, P. and Lowe E. (1996) . Why Is There Anything At All?. Proceedingsof the Aristotelian Society, Vol LXX.

Sin, Guilt and Shame in The Pardoners Tale Essay -- The Canterbury Ta

Geoffrey Chaucers The Pardoners Tale, a relatively straightforward satirical and anti-capitalist view of the church, contrasts motifs of sin with the salvational properties of morality to draw out the complex self-loathing of the emasculated Pardoner. In particular, Chaucer concentrates on the Pardoners references to the evils of alcohol, gambling, blasphemy, and money, which aim not only to condemn his listeners and unbuckle their purses, but to elicit their wrath and check his eunuchism. Chaucers depiction of the Pardoner in The General Prologue is unsparing in its effeteness he has heer as yelow as wax/ But smoothe it heeng as dooth a strike of sour/ By ounces heenge his lokkes that he hadde...But thinne it lay, by colpons, oon by oon (677-681). The pale, lanky qualities of his hair relate to his androgynous makeup, and the repetition of heeng ironically foreshadows his castration. Further hints of the Pardoners being a eunuch, such as A vois he hadde as smal as h ath a goot/ No beerd hadde he, ne never shold have, are interspersed between description of his feined flaterye and japes that accompany his selling of false relics (707). The premise can be drawn that the Pardoners status as a man is also one of feined flaterye and japes, that he relies on words to compensate for what he considers a body as fraudulent as his relics. In this sense, the relics become a substitute for the Pardoners loss of masculinity, yet also a symbol of his incompleteness. The Pardoners need to exhibit them corresponds with his desire to boast of his hypocrisy, a preemptive, self-deprecating strike that ensures future resentment from his audience Thus can I preche again that same vice/ Which th... ... I wol thee helpe hem carye./ They shal be shrined in an hogges tord (664-7). The Pardoner is speechless, and his repressed motive to expose the direct connection between his relics and his testicles is finally made by someone else. later the knight res tores tranquillity, it leads one to wonder whether the Pardoners underlying intent may have been to expiate his guilt and face his shame. Works Cited and Consulted Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales in The Riverside Chaucer. General Ed. Benson, Larry D. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Pichaske, David R. Pardoners Tale. The Movement of the Canterbury Tales Chaucers Literary Pilgrimage. New York Norwood Editions, 1977 Rossignol, Rosalyn. The Pardoners Tale. Chaucer A to Z The Essential Reference to His Life and Works. New York Facts On File, Inc., 1999

Religion and Commerce in Early Modern Europe Essay -- European History

Class discussions about religious explanation inevitably turn to the question of whetherreligious ideals passim history remain absolute or are relative to the social, political andeconomic trends of the time. For example, students are sometimes disturbed to learn that in earlyChristian history, conversion was often in response to economic or political benefits rather thanreligious fervor. Naturally, at the Catholic prep school where I teach, students pauperization to believereligious ideals and rhetoric are absolute. Yet, when analyze the role of religion in shapingsocieties, one cannot help but be struck by the fluidity of religious rhetoric. Although such adiscovery may be obvious to some, it is important for students to understand that we still live in a dry land where people make important social and political decisions based on moral absolutes, withan insistence on traditional and unchangeable religious values. It is essential, therefore, thatteachers of religious history pr omote discussion on the possible flexibility of religiousideologies is religious rhetoric part of an unwavering, scriptural tradition, or do those whopractice religion shit the rhetoric? Moreover, do human self-interest and socio-economicchange always trump religion? Are social ideologies always stronger than religious tradition?After studying the creation of a modern industrial economy in Europe for these five weeks, I amconvinced that analyzing the evolution of religious rhetoric in early modern Europe, which issuch a transitional phase of history, can illuminate how social, political, economic and culturalchange can guide or all in all alter the morals and ideologies of a society.Eric Hobsbawm and Keith Wrightson both argue th... ... immature Press, 1999.Lynn, Martin. British Policy, Trade, and Informal Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.In The Oxford History of the British Empire, the Nineteenth Century, vol III, edited byAndrew Porter, 101-121. Oxford, New York Oxford Unive rsity Press, 1999.More, Thomas. Utopia. Translated by Paul Turner. London Penguin Books, 2003.OBrien, Patrick. Inseparable Connections Trade, Economy, Fiscal State, and the Expansion ofEmpire, 1688-1815. In The Oxford History of the British Empire, The EighteenthCentury, vol. II, edited by P.J. Marshall, 54-77. Oxford, New York Oxford UniversityPress, 1998.____. Mercantilism and Imperialism in the Rise and Decline of the Dutch and BritishEconomies 1585-1815. De Economist 148, no. 4 (2000) 469-501.Wrightson, Keith. Earthly Necessities. New Haven and London Yale University Press, 2000.

The Power And The Glory By Graham Greene :: essays research papers

The ability and the Glory by Graham GreeneIt is the story-tellers task to elicit sympathy and a measure of intellectualfor those who lie right(prenominal) the boundaries of State Approval.I.One day I gave The Power and the Glory to... a native of Mexico who had livedthrough the worst persecutions... She confessed that your descriptions were sovivid, your priest so real, that she found herself praying for him at Mass. Iunderstand how she felt. Last year, on a trip through Mexico, I found myselfpeering into mud huts, through closure streets, and across impassible mountainranges, half-believing that I would glimpse a dim figure stumbling in the rainon his way to the border. There is no greater tribute doable to your creationof this mention - he lives.An excerpt from the permitter of Californian Catholic teacher to Graham Greene,1960In a particular Mexican state the church building had been outlawed and the priests hadto go underground by the threat of being shot. After several months from thegovernors office appeared a intelligence service, that there was still one priest, FatherMontez, who was pitiable from village to village working on the Church byadministering the sacraments, listening confessions and saying masses. A younglieutenant of police, and ardent revolutionist and an anti-clerical, asked hischief to let him search for the priest who, as the authorities understood it,was guilty of treason.Two photographs were pasted up together in police station. One was the pictureof an American bank buccaneer who killed several police officeholders in Texas theother was that of the priest. No one noticed the irony, including the younglieutenant, who was more interested in arresting the priest. When the officerreceived licence to look for Father Montez, the priest was already in thevillage, where he came to get aboard the boat that would take him in the cityVera Cruz and safety.In the village he met Mr. Tench, old dentist who wanted somebody to speakEng lish with. unless before Father Montez could get aboard the boat news came tohim that an Indian woman was dying several miles inland. True to the call, thepriest sat on the mule and went to administer the last rites to the dying woman,even though he realized that he might not find another ship to carry him tosafety. There was one other priest in the region, Father Jose. But Father Josewas so coward, that he renounced the church up to the point of taking a wife, ashrewish old woman. The authorities paid no assist to him at all, for theyThe Power And The Glory By Graham Greene essays research papers The Power and the Glory by Graham GreeneIt is the story-tellers task to elicit sympathy and a measure of understandingfor those who lie outside the boundaries of State Approval.I.One day I gave The Power and the Glory to... a native of Mexico who had livedthrough the worst persecutions... She confessed that your descriptions were sovivid, your priest so real, that she found herself p raying for him at Mass. Iunderstand how she felt. Last year, on a trip through Mexico, I found myselfpeering into mud huts, through village streets, and across impassible mountainranges, half-believing that I would glimpse a dim figure stumbling in the rainon his way to the border. There is no greater tribute possible to your creationof this character - he lives.An excerpt from the letter of Californian Catholic teacher to Graham Greene,1960In a particular Mexican state the Church had been outlawed and the priests hadto go underground by the threat of being shot. After several months from thegovernors office appeared a news, that there was still one priest, FatherMontez, who was moving from village to village working on the Church byadministering the sacraments, listening confessions and saying masses. A younglieutenant of police, and ardent revolutionist and an anti-clerical, asked hischief to let him search for the priest who, as the authorities understood it,was guilty of treason .Two photographs were pasted up together in police station. One was the pictureof an American bank robber who killed several police officers in Texas theother was that of the priest. No one noticed the irony, including the younglieutenant, who was more interested in arresting the priest. When the officerreceived permission to look for Father Montez, the priest was already in thevillage, where he came to get aboard the boat that would take him in the cityVera Cruz and safety.In the village he met Mr. Tench, old dentist who wanted somebody to speakEnglish with. But before Father Montez could get aboard the boat news came tohim that an Indian woman was dying several miles inland. True to the call, thepriest sat on the mule and went to administer the last rites to the dying woman,even though he realized that he might not find another ship to carry him tosafety. There was one other priest in the region, Father Jose. But Father Josewas so coward, that he renounced the church up to the poi nt of taking a wife, ashrewish old woman. The authorities paid no attention to him at all, for they

Analytical Interpretation of Snow White Essay -- Snow White Analysis E

An Analytical Interpretation of achromatic Throughout the story of Snow-White, rival is played out in numerous ways. As the famous saying goes-only the strongest survive and to the victor go the spoils. There were a few power struggles vent on even under the primary plot. This is one way to describe some of the seemingly bizarre or complete motivations that push the story to a grisly, but happy ending.The first queen ap invokely dies in childbirth (but do we really know this for sure?) and is replaced with a new queen in order to re-establish the kings dominance over his kingdom. How can his empire be complete without a queen, considering the king was now a single parent as well? His life as a widower could not last in a time when meeting the status quo was so about tied to the validity of self. He had to have a wife if he already had a child. Quite possibly, the king was influenced by outside forces to re-marry, or merely did not want to have sole responsibility of raising Sno w-White and took another wife to safe face.The battle between Snow-White and her step-mother was demonstrated to extreme ends. It was contested from both sides. The lack of action on Show-Whites part is an action in itself. Her passivity was an act of rebellion and self-preservation. I believe that Snow-White was far more manipulative than the story gives her credit for. Regardless of the initial chaos in any situation that the girl found herself in, especially th...

Analytical Interpretation of Snow White Essay -- Snow White Analysis E

An Analytical Interpretation of neutral Throughout the story of Snow-White, Competition is played out in numerous ways. As the famous verbal expression goes-only the strongest survive and to the victor go the spoils. There were a few power struggles going on even under the primary plot. This is one way to depict some of the seemingly bizarre or extreme motivations that push the story to a grisly, but happy ending.The first queen apparently dies in accouchement (but do we really know this for sure?) and is replaced with a new queen in order to re-establish the kings dominance over his kingdom. How can his conglomerate be complete without a queen, considering the king was now a single parent as well? His life as a widower could non last in a time when meeting the status quo was so closely tied to the validity of self. He had to have a wife if he already had a child. Quite possibly, the king was influenced by outside forces to re-marry, or simply did not want to have sole responsi bility of raising Snow-White and took another wife to safe face.The battle between Snow-White and her step-mother was demonstrated to extreme ends. It was contested from both sides. The lack of action on Show-Whites divulge is an action in itself. Her passivity was an act of rebellion and self-preservation. I believe that Snow-White was far more manipulative than the story gives her credit for. Regardless of the sign chaos in any situation that the girl found herself in, especially th...

End of Poverty Guide Essay

Jeffrey Sachs was a professor of scotchs at Harvard for 38 years and was a study consultant for many nations. He now heads the Earth Institute. His views on the causes of beggary are actually unalike than what is norm entirelyy idea or presented. His book has 18 chapters which are broken come bulge aside as fol execrables Chapters 1-4 present an overview of the problem and overall solutions to destitution. Chapters 5-10 full stops Sachs experience in working with Bolivia, Poland, Russia, China, India, and Africa, solving major frugalal problems. Chapter 11 deals with the Millennium Development Goals and 9/11 Chapter 12 deals with on-the-ground solutions, which in reality is a high priced CHE. Chapters 13-18 map forbidden the details of his solutions.Sachs throws come forth the normal ways of thinking ab forth the causes of poverty in countries, for instance that mass are lazy or stupid, or the countries are non democratic, and that corruption is wide-spread. F ifty percent of the foundations tribe exists on less than one dollar per day. He believes that frequently of the problem is structural, which s abolish away only be dealt with done the dish up of the flush countries.Sachs believes, offset printing(a) of all, that all current debt owed by the pitiful countries should be cancellight-emitting diode. Secondly, if the loaded countries would improver their organic evolution assistant from .2% to .7% there would be enough funds available to increase the stinting evolution so that all countries would no grander be exceedingly poor.If MAI is to become known as an agency which t apiecees a new way of dealing with poverty, wherefore we withdraw to become aware of this book and Sachs catching and approach to poverty. Chapter Twelve sincerely speaks to CHE.I invite time-tested to review what has appeared to me to be the most salient fates, chapter by chapter. All chapters are not treated equally. I primarily dothis exe rcise for myself to suspensor me understand the fundamental points from the book. If they are of any overhaul to others, wherefore that is a plus.I shit gone into more(prenominal) detail in the other synopsis I throw away done because of the possible guidance this book can give us for a new paradigm for dealing with poverty individually, locally, nationally and orbiculately (which in reality we are already on the road in doing). close to intimacys are both structural and governmental issues and I am not suggesting that we get involved in these, but salmagundi must begin at the village aim and then we can scale up our strengths from there.Chapter bingleA Global Family PortraitSachs sets the stage for his thesis and book using role models of Malawi, Bangladesh, India, and China to show different levels of poverty. He intercourses abut the ascending lead of economical developing for countries. Lowest are those who are too ill, hungry, or destitute to get even a foot on the bottom turn of the development head for the hills. They mark up the bottom 1/6 of the realitys population, or one billion slew. They are the poo break of the poor and expect on less than $1 a day. A few rungs up the ladder at the upper end of the low-income countries are another 1.5 billion people. They live exclusively above the subsistence level. These dickens groups make up 40% of the worlds population. CHE targets both of these groups, and especially with the first group. Another 2.5 billion take on the IT workers of India. Most of them live in the cities and are moderately poor. One billion or half-dozenth of the world come from the wealthy develop countries.Sachs says the greatest tragedy of our time is that one- sixsometh of the worlds population is not even on the first rung of the ladder. A large number of the constitutionally poor in level one are caught in the poverty entrap and cannot escape it. They are trapped by disease, physical isolation, cl imate stress, environmental degradation, and extreme poverty itself.He breaks poverty into three levels Extreme poverty means households cannot meet rudimentary needs for survival. This only occurs in developing countries. World Bank says their income isless than $1 a day. Moderate poverty is where needs are generally just barely met. World Bank says this represents countries where their income falls between $1 and $2 per day. sexual analogy poverty generally describes household income level at being below a given percentage of the modal(a) national income. You find this in developed countries.He then presents the Challenge of our Generation which includes Helping the poorest of the poor escape the misery of extreme poverty and help them begin their climb up the ladder of economic development. Ensuring all who are the worlds poor, including moderately poor, suffer a chance to climb higher in economic development.He believes that the succeeding(a) can be done Meet the Millen nium Development Goals by 2015. End extreme poverty by 2025. To ensure well before 2025, that all of the worlds poor countries can make reliable progress up the ladder of economic development. To accomplish this with modest financial help from the wealthiness countries, which exit be more than is now provided per capita.Chapter TwoThe Spread of Economic ProsperitySachs uses several graphs in this chapter. I allow for not go into detail on these, but I will point prohibited some salient points All regions of the world were poor in 1820. All regions experienced economic progress, though some much more than others. Todays richest regions experienced by farthermost the greatest economic progress. As an example, Africa has only grown at .7% a year piece of music the USA at 1.7%. This may not seem much, but when compounded year-by-year, it results in the great differences between the dickens. The key point today is not the transfer of income from one region to another, but ra ther that the overall increase in the worlds income is happening at different rates in different regions.Until the 1700s, the world was remarkably poor by todays standards. A major change was the industrial revolution flood tide to certain regions and not toothers. The steam engine was a decisive turning point because it mobilized the vast store of primary energy which unlocked the mass issue of goods and services. Modern energy fueled every aspect of the economic takeoff.As coal fueled industry, industry fueled political power. Britains industrial discovery created a huge armed services and financial service. But Britain in addition had existing individual initiative and complaisant mobility than most other countries of the world. They also had a alter of institution and liberty. Britain also had a major geographical advantageone of isolation and protection of the sea, in addition to entryway to the oceans for worldwide transportation for their goods and importation of oth er countries goods.Sachs then goes on to outline what has fostered major economic growth Modern economic growth is accompanied by people moving to the cities, or urbanization. This means fewer and fewer people produce the food that is required for the farming. Hopefully, food price per farmer decreases as larger plots are farmed more productively. This also means sparsely populated land makes good intelligence when many farms are mandatory to grow the crops, but sparse land makes little sense when more and more people are engaged in manufacturing in the cities. Modern economic growth fostered a revolution in social mobility which affect social ranking of people. A fixed social order depends on status quo and agrarian population. thither is a change in gender roles with economic development. This affects living conditions as well as family structure. The desired number of children decreases. The division of labor increases. By specializing in one activity instead of many, prod uctivity increases.The dissemination of economic growth occurred in three main forms From Britain to its colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand. (It was therefore coitionly straight-forth to transfer British technologies, food crops and even court-ordered institutions.) A second public exposure took impersonate within Europe that ran from Western Europe to Eastern Europe, and from Northern Europe to Southern Europe. The third wave of diffusion was from Europe to Latin America, Africa, and Asia.Sachs believes that the single most important reason for prosperity spread is the transmission of engine room and the ideas underlying it. The technological advances came at different times. The first wave revolved around the invention of the steam engine which led to factory-producing goods. The second wave in the 19th century was led by the access of the rail and telegraph. It also included the introduction of steam ships instead of sailing ones, and the construction of the Suez Canal. The third wave was initiated by electrification of industry and urban parliamentary law. Along with this came the development of the internal combustion engine. The fourth wave came in the 20th century with the globalization of the world due to new methods of communication starting in Europe. There came a time of a great rupture which took place with the start of World War I, and sidetracked economic development for awhile. This led to the Great Depression which led to World War II. A fifth wave took place right after World War II, and in 1991. It began with the massive efforts of reconstruction of Europe and lacquer right after World War II. Trade barriers began to come down.There were three worlds the first was the developed West, the second was comprised of Socialist countries, and the third was made up of undeveloped countries (which were made up of the old colony countries). The world therefore progressed on three tracks. The problem was that the secon d and third worlds did not share in economic growth and actually went backward. By closing their economies, they closed themselves off from economic development.So what did this mean to the poorest of the poor countries? They did not begin their economic growth until decades later. They faced geographical barriers of being land-locked They faced the brutal exploitation of the colonial powers. They made disastrously bad choices in their national policies.Chapter ThreeWhy Some Countries FailIn this chapter, Sachs looks at the cause of poverty and possible solutions.He first deals with, how a familys per-capita income might increase The first way is through savings either in cash or similar assets like animals, etc. The second way is shifting to crops that bring a higher collapse per hectare, and then adding value to the crop (which is what we teach in our PAD training). The third way is adopting new technology, which advances their productivity. The fourth way is resource boo m, which means to move to a much larger and more robust farm.The flip side of increasing their economic growth is by decreasing their per capita income which is more than just the opposite of the above factors Lack of savings is of course one way to reduce per capita income. Lack of trade, meaning that a household hears of the new crop but cannot take advantage of it and stays with what they rent. Technological reversal is when something like HIV hits an area and children lose their parents etc. Natural resource decline is where the land becomes less and less fertile producing less and less crops. Adverse Productivity Shock is where a natural disaster hits like a drought, tsunami, earthquake, typhoon, etc. Population growth lessens per capita income where the father has ii hectares of land and it is divided among his five sons at his final stage.Now Sachs begins to get into the true heart of poverty on a sphere level The poverty trap itself is where poverty is so extreme that the poor do not wear the ability by themselves to get out of the mess. Physical geographics plays a major role where countries are land-locked with poor or no roads, a omit of navigable rivers, or situated in mountain ranges or deserts with an extremely high transportation cost. The low productivity of the land is another factor in the geography. The fiscal trap is where the government lacks the resources to pay for the infallible infrastructure on which economic growth depends. Government chastening happens when the government is not c at oncentrating on high priority infrastructure and social service projects. Cultural or spectral barriers especially as it relates to gender inequality play a significant role in dampening economic growth. Geopolitics such as trade barriers can impede economic growth. Lack of innovation and technology plays a role if people cannot trynew things because they cannot risk failure, or because they do not have funds to do so. Sachs beli eves that over the span of two centuries, the lack of using new technology is why the richest and poorest countries have diverged. He shows a scatter-gram graph wake there is a demographic trap as well. The higher the fertility rate, the bring low rate of economic growth there is in a country. When they have too many children, they cannot invest in education, nutrition, or health, except maybe for the oldest male. One of the best ways to tear down the number of children per family is through the education of the girls.Sachs then goes into detail in putting countries into different classes. He points out that none of the rich countries in North American, Western Europe or East Asia have failed to grow economically. All the problems lie in the developing world where 45 of these countries had a fall in GDP. Not all of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. He also points out that the cover-exporting and ex-Soviet countries, all high income countries, did not increase their eco nomic growth evenly, primarily because of their authoritarian political structure.He also points out that the most important factor is agriculture. Those countries that used high return cereals per hectare and that used high levels of fertilizers are the poor countries that tended to experience economic growth. In Africa, the land is much less densely populated but they use neither high yield cereals nor fertilizers and they had falling food production per capita. But they also have far less roads for transporting extra crops to markets and they depend on rainfall which is generally more erratic than high-producing agricultural countries.He also goes on to point out the following Economic growth is rarely uniformly distributed across a country. Governments also fail in their role in allowing growth that might improve the rich households, while the poorest living in the same area seldom seem to benefit. Another detriment to growth can be culture especially as it relates to women inequality.Chapter FourClinical Economics (CE)Sachs compares clinical economics to clinical medicine. He lays out five parameters for Clinical Economics CE is made up of complex forms. The failure in one system can lead to cascades of failures in other split of the economy. You therefore need to deal with very broad and multiple issues. CE practitioners need to learn the art of clinical diagnosis. The CE practitioner must hone-in on the key underlying causes of economic put out and prescribe appropriate remedies that are tailor-made to each countrys condition. Treatment needs to be viewed in family terms, not individual terms. The entire world is part of each countrys family. If countries work together they can have far more impact than working in isolation. Good CE practice requires monitoring and evaluation. More than just asking if the goals are being hitd, but also asking why? and why not? The development union lacks the requisite ethical and professional standards. Ec onomic development does not take its work with the sense of responsibility that the task requires. It demands that honest advice be given.He points out where economic development practice has gone wrong The rich countries say, poverty is your own fault. Be like us, have a free market, be entrepreneurial, fiscally responsible and your problems will be gone. The IMF period of structural adjustment which supposedly dealt with the four maladies of poor institution, unreasonable government intervention in the markets, excessive government spending, and too much state ownership were not solved by the IMF prescription of belt tightening, privatization, liberalization, and good governance. The responsibility for poverty reduction was simulated to lie entirely with poor countries themselves.He then lays out his differential diagnosis for poverty reduction. He believes the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) goes a long way in reducing poverty. Once the diagnosis is completed, a proper treatment regime must be carried out. In doing differential diagnosis, questions must be asked in each one of the following areas Identify and map the extent of extreme poverty from the household level all the way up through the community to the country to the state in all areas of life. Thesecond set of questions deals with the economic policy framework. The third set deals with the fiscal framework. Fourth deals with physical geography and human ecology. Fifth, the questions deal with the patterns of governance. History has shown that democracy is not a prerequisite for economic development. Sixth are questions which deal with cultural barriers that hinder economic development. The get going are questions that are related to geopolitics which involves a countrys security and relationship with the rest of the world.The next six chapters, five through ten, deal with particularised countries that have gone through this regale, and their results. His results are quite impress ive. I will not deal much with each country, but an individual chapter might be of interest to the RC involved if he is interested in such things.Chapter FiveBolivias High Rate of InflationProblemA hyperinflation rate of 3000% (30 times) between July 1984 and July 1985 with a longer term hyperinflation rate of 24,000%.Lessons Learned Stabilization is a complex process. Ending a large budget deficit may be the first step but suss outling the underlying forces that cause the budget deficit is much more complex. Macroeconomics tools are limited in their power. Successful change requires a combination of technocratic knowledge, bold political leadership, and broad social participation. Success requires not only bold reforms at home, but also financial help from abroad. Poor countries must demand their due.Chapter SixPolands Return to EuropeProblemBy the end of 1989, Poland had partially suspended its international debt payments. The economy was woefulness from high rate of rising i nflation and there was a deepening political crisis.Sachs approach in Poland, as in other countries, was built on five pillars Stabilizationending the high rate of inflation, establishing stability and convertible currency. Liberalizationallowing markets to function by legalizing private economic activity (ending price controls and establishing necessary laws). Privatization identifying private owners for assets currently held by the state. Social netpensions and other benefits for the elderly and poor were constituted. Institutional Harmonizationadopting, step-by-step, the economic laws, procedures, and institutions.Lessons Learned He learned how a countrys fate is crucially determined by its specific linkages to the rest of the world. Again the importance of the basic guidance concept for broad-based economic transformation, not to stand alone with separate solutions. Saw again the practical possibilities of large-scale thinking He learned not to take no for an answer, pr ess on with your guidance. By the time a country has fallen into deep crisis, it requires some external help to get back on track. This help may be in the form of getting the basics right which includes debt cancellation and help to bolster confidence in the reforms.Chapter SevenRussias Struggle for NormalcyProblemThe Soviet Union relied almost entirely on its oil and gas exports to earn foreign exchange, and on its use of oil and gas to run its industrial economy. In the mid- 1980s, the price of oil and gas plummeted and the Soviet Unions oil production began to fall.Sachs suggested three actions of the West (but generally they were ignored by the West) A stabilization fund for the ruble. Immediate suspension of debt repayment followed by cancellation oftheir debts. A new concern program for transformation focusing on the most vulnerable sectors of the Russian economy.Lesson Learned Despite much turmoil and rejection much went right so that eventually Russia became a lopsided market economy, still focused on oil and gas. Russia has a gigantic land mass which causes it to have few linkages with other nations of the world. Their population densities are low and agrarian and food production per hectare remains low. over history, 90% of the population has been rural, with cities few and far between. This hinders economic growth. Without adequate aid, the political consensus around the reforms was deeply undermined, thereby compromising the reform process.Chapter EightChina detection Up after a Half Millennium Being Isolated ProblemChina lost its economic and cultural lead that it had in its early(a) history. Sachs points out five dates which caused this 1434 China had been the technological superpower. This year Emperor Ming closed China to the rest of the world and stopped their advanced ship fleets from going out to the world. 1839 China finally ended its economic isolation. 1898 Several young reformers tried to gain power and were stopped. 1911 Ching Dynasty collapsed and by 1916 China was falling into civil unrest. Their military took control of the empire. 1949 the rise of the Maoist Movement.He then compares China to Russia The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe had massive foreign debt while China did not. China has a large coastline that supported its export growth, while Russia and Eastern Europe do not. China had the benefit of large off-shore Chinese business communities which acted as foreign investors, while Russia and Eastern Europe did not. The Soviet was experiencing a drastic decline on their main export product, oil and gas. The Soviet Union had gone further down the industrialization road thanChina.Chapter NineIndia Market Reform Which Was the Triumph of Hope Over Fear ProblemIndia was controlled by a business, British East India Company, which was set by greed, and it did everything to maximize profit for the company at the expense of the country. Though Indias population throughout history has been Hin du, vast numbers of Muslims and Christians lived in and sometimes dominated the land. India had poor political and social structures because the land was broken into many small kingdoms governed by many different leaders. In addition, India has the caste-system of stratification of peoples.With independence from the British in 1947, Nehru looked for a path to self- sufficiency and democratic socialism. The Green Revolution had a major impact on the country as high yield crops were introduced. By 1994, India now faced four major challenges Reforms needed to be extended especially in liberalization and the development of new and better systems. India needed to invest heavily in infrastructure India needed to invest more in health and education of its people, especially the lower castes. India needed to figure out how to pay for the needed infrastructure.Lessons Learned The 21st century is likely to be the era when this poor countrys economic development is substantially reversed. The country has announced electricity for all as well as essential health services and drinking water for everyone. These are achievable goals and the basis for much-needed investment. The Hindus did not stifle growth. The Green Revolution and then market reforms overrode the rigidness of the caste-system and the dense growth of the 1950s and 1960s. India has become increasingly urbanized, thereby further weakening the caste-system. land is wearing away age-old social hierarchies. India has grabbed the potential of the internet and IT and is leading the way fordeveloping nations in this regard. Indias varied geography and its miles and miles of shoreline fosters its market posture for the manufacture of products.Chapter TenAfrica and the DyingProblemThree centuries of slave trade were followed by a century of colonial rule which left Africa bereft of better citizens and leaders, basic infrastructure, and public health facilities. The borders followed arbitrary lines, not hi storic tribal lines which now divided former empires, ethnic groups, ecosystems, watersheds, and resource deposits.The West was not uncoerced to invest in African economic development. Corruption was not the central cause for their economic failure as he showed. In the 1980s, HIV became the worse killer of mankind. In 2001, life expectancy stood at 47 years, while East Asia stood at 69 years, and developed countries at 78 years.Sachs spends time feeling at the major diseases of malaria, TB, diarrhea, and HIV. He says poverty causes disease and disease causes poverty.Lessons Learned Good governance and market reform alone are not satisfactory to generate growth if a country is in a poverty trap. Geography has conspired with economics to give Africa a particularly weak hand. Africa lacks navigable rivers with access to the ocean for easy transport and trade. Africa lacks irrigation and depends on rainfall for their crops. Farmers lack access roads, markets, and fertilizers, whi le soils have been long depleted of their nutrients.Chapter ElevenThe Millennium, 9/11, and the United Nations. The beginning part of this chapter deals with the Millennium Development Goals. Sachs says that the goals and trueness to reach them by 2015 convey the hope that extreme poverty, disease, and environmental degradation could be alleviated with the wealth, the new technologies, and global awareness with which weentered the 21st century. He says the first seven goals call for sharp cuts in poverty, disease, and environmental degradation, while the eighth goal is essentially a commitment to global partnership. Because you have all seen them, I am not including them here.Regarding 9/11, he says we need to keep it in perspective. On 9/11, 3000 people died for once and for all, but 10,000 people die each day from diseases that are preventable.He believes we need to address the deeper roots of terrorism of which extreme poverty is an important element. The rich world needs to tur n its efforts to a much greater extent from military strategies to economic development. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke of freedoms we were turn oning for in WWII and for which we still should be attempting to accomplish Freedom of speech and expression over in the world. Freedom for every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. Freedom from want which translates into economic development. Freedom from fear which translates into a worldwide reduction in armament, a reduction to such a point that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor.One major thing he is suggesting is that the rich countries elevate their giving to .7% of their GNP from the average of .2% it is today. The rest of the chapter is rough President Bush and the USA policies and actions.Chapter TwelveOn-The-Ground Solutions for Ending PovertyThis chapter is really talking about CHE, but Sachs does not realize it. He says that th e worlds challenge is not to overcome laziness and corruption but rather to take on geographic isolation, disease, vulnerability to climate shocks, etc. with new systems of political responsibility that can get the job done.He talks about a village of less than 1,000 in western Kenya, in a Sauri sub-location (in Siaya district in Nyanza province) that he visited, which opened his eyes. He found what we find place after place that they areimpoverished, but they are capable and resourceful. Though struggling to survive, presently they are not dispirited but determined to improve their situation. He then goes on to describe the needs of a rural African community, the same type of community that we deal with every day, as shown in the abundance of applications we receive for CHE. A major problem, he feels, is that the farmers do not have the currency to buy fertilizer that would impact their crop productivity drastically. to a fault they have no school or clinic.He then begins to calcu late what it would cost per person to bring a school and teachers, simple clinic and staff, medicines, agriculture inputs such as seed and fertilizer, safe drinking water and simple sanitation, and power transport and communication services. The total cost for Sauri is about $350,000 a year, which converts to $70 a person per year, which could revolutionize the community. If he did CHE, the total cost and per person cost would be greatly reduced. He then goes ahead and extrapolates this up for the country of Kenya to $1.5 billion.At the same time he points out that Kenyas debt service is $600 million a year and that it needs to be cancelled. But one problem that donors talk about is corruption needing to be eliminated. If countries do not eliminate corruption, they would not be eligible for relief. Also, a budget and guidance system need to be designed that will reach the villages and be monitorable, governable, and scalablea set of interventions to ensure good governance on such a historic project. The key to this is to empower village-based community organizations to oversee village services.Most of what he says in this chapter sounds like CHE to me, but we can do it at even a lower cost and we have the experience to put on it. That is why I said earlier that we need to talk to Sachs about CHE.He then goes on with this group but changes the venue from rural to urban in Mumbai, India in a slum community built smack up against the railroad tracks, one-house deep. He points out the outstanding needs are not latrines, running water, nor safety from trains, but empowerment so they cannegotiate with the government. He then mentions that several groups have been found and empowered to do this in this community. Again sounds like CHE for urban poor.Sachs says what this community needs is investments in the individual and basic infra-structure that can empower people to be healthier, better educated, and more productive in the work force. CHE deals with the indivi dual side of the equation.He ends this chapter by discussing the problem of scale. He says everything must start with the basic village. The key is connecting these basic units together into a global network that reaches from impoverished communities to the very centers of power and back again. This, too, is what we are talking about when we describe scaling-up and creating a movement and then forming it into councils and collaborative groups.He believes the rich world would readily provide the missing finances but they will wonder how to ensure that the money made available would really reach the poor and that there would be results. He says we need a strategy for scaling up the investments that will end poverty, including governance that empowers the poor while holding them accountable. I believe CHE fits his prescription.Chapter ThirteenMaking the Investments Needed to End Poverty Sachs says the extreme poor lack six kinds of capital Human Capital health, nutrition, and skills ne eded for each person to be productive. Business Capital the machinery, facilities, and motorized transport used in agriculture, industry and services. floor Capital water and sanitation, airports and sea ports, and telecommunications systems that are critical inputs for business productivity. Natural Capital arable land, healthy soils, biodiversity, and well- functioning ecosystems that provide the environmental services need by human society. Public Institutional Capital commercial law, judicial systems, government services, and policing, that underpin the peaceful and prosperous division of labor. Knowledge Capital the scientific and technological know-how that raises productivity in business output and the promotion of physical and natural capital.He spends several pages on charts showing income flow. He also uses the example of child survival and how it applies to the six kinds of capital. He makes the point that even in the poorest societies, primary education alone is no longer sufficient. He says all young person should have a minimum of 9 years of education. He says technical capacity must be in the whole of society from the bottom up. He talks about trained community health workers and the role they can play. Villages around the world should be helped in adult education involving life and death issues such as HIV.The main challenges now is NOT to show what kit and caboodle in small villages or districts but rather to scale up what works to encompass a whole country, even the world. Again sounds like CHE and where we are going.He goes through several examples where major diseases are being dealt with such as malaria, river blindness, and polio, as well as spread of family planning. He also briefly talks about the cell phone revolution by the poor in Bangladesh and how East Asia has established Export Processing Zones, all of which are improving the life of the poorest of poor nations.Chapter FourteenA Global Compact to End PovertyHe says the poo rest countries themselves must take seriously the problem of ending poverty and need to devote a greater share of their national resources to accomplish this. more poor countries pretend to reform while rich countries pretend to help them. The chronic lack of donor financing robs the poor countries of their poverty-fighting zeal. We are stuck in a show play that is not real.There are two sides in a compact. In this compact, there should be the commitment in the rich countries to help all poor countries where the collective will to be responsible partners in the endeavor is present. For the other poor countries where authoritarian or corrupt regimes hold sway,the consequences for the population are likely to be tragic but the rich countries have their limits also.He spends time looking at several countries that have Poverty step-down Strategies where some are working and some not. Ghana is a star in his book.He says a true MDG-based poverty reduction strategy would have five parts A Differential Diagnosis which includes identifying policies and investments that the country needs to achieve the MDGs. An Investment Plan which shows the size, timing and costs of the required investments. A fiscal Plan to fund the Investment Plan, including the calculation of the MDG financing gap, the portion of the financial needs that donors will have to fill. A Donor Plan which gives multi-year commitments from donors for meeting the MDGs. A Public Management Plan that outlines the mechanisms of governance and public administration that will help implement the expanded public investment plan.During the 1980s and 1990s, the IMF forced morphologic Readjustment on the poor countries which did not work. The poor were asked to pay all the expenses for new services. They then moved to a compromise called Social Marketing where the poor were asked to pay a portion of the expense. But neither plan worked because the poor did not have enough even to eat, much less pay for electr icity.He says a sound management plan should include the following Decentralize. Investments are needed in all the villages and the details for what is needed needs to be established at the village level through local committees, not the national capitol or Washington DC. Training. The public sector lacks the talent to oversee the scaling up process. Training programs for capacity building should be part of the strategy. Information Technology. The use of information technologycomputers, e-mail and mobile phones needs to increase drastically because of the spectacular increase of knowledge that needs to be transmitted. Measurable Benchmarks. Every MDG based poverty reduction strategy should be supported by quantitative benchmarks shipshape to national conditions, needs, and dataavailability. Audits. No country should receive greater funding unless the money can be audited. Monitoring and Evaluation. Each country must attire to have investments monitored and evaluated.He then goes through the following Global Policies for Poverty Reduction The Debt Crisis. The poorest countries are unable to repay their debt, let alone carry the interest. Therefore, for each country that agrees to the guidelines noted previously, their debt must be cancelled if there is to be true poverty reduction. Global trade Policy. Poor countries need to increase their exports to the rich countries and thereby earn foreign exchange in order to import capital goods from the rich countries. Yet trade is not enough. The policy must include both aid and trade. The end of agriculture subsidies is not enough for this to happen. Science for Development. The poor are likely to be ignored by the international scientific community unless special effort is made to include things that help the poor. It is more critical to identify the priority needs for scientific research in relation to the poor than to mobilize the donor community to spur that research forward. That would include research in tropical agriculture, energy systems, climate forecasting, water management, and sustainable management of ecosystems. Environmental stewardship. The poorest of poor nations are generally innocent victims of major long-term ecosystem degradation. The rich countries must live up to the ecology agreements they have signed. The rich countries will have to give added financial avail to the poor countries to enable them to deal with the ecosystem problems. The rich countries will have to invest more in climate research.Chapter xvCan The Rich Afford to Help the Poor?He asks the question Can the rich countries help the poor?, and his answer is Can they leave not to do so? He gives five reasons that show that the current effort is so modest. The numbers of extremely poor have declined close to 50% two multiplications ago to 33% a generation ago to 20% today. The goal is to end extreme poverty, not all poverty, and to close the gap between the rich and the poor. Success in ending the poverty trap will be much easier than it appears. Too little has been doneto identify specific, proven, low-cost interventions that can make a difference in living standards and economic growth (CHE does this). The rich world is vastly rich. What seemed out of reach a generation or two ago is now such a small fraction of the vastly expanded income of the rich world. Our tools are more powerful than ever, including computers, internet, mobile phones, etc.He then spends time in doing calculations to show how this can be accomplished. First he starts with the World Bank. They estimate that meeting basic needs requires $1.08 per person per day. Currently, the average income of the extremely poor is 77 cents per day, creating a shortfall of 31 cents per day or $113 per person per year. He then shows that this represents only .6% of a nations GNP. The MDG target which many countries have agreed to is .7% of their GNP. Later on, he shows that the USA is only spending .15% for aid to the world.Sachs then spends time on a six-step process to do a needs assessment to come up with the real number needed Identify the package of basic needs. Identify for each country the current unmet needs of the population. Calculate the costs of meeting the unmet needs through investments, taking into account future population growth. Calculate the part of the investments that cant be financed by the country itself. Calculate the MDG financing gap that must be covered by donors. Assess the size of the donor contribution relative to donor income.He proposes that interventions are required to meet the following basic needs Primary education for all children with a designated target ratio of pupils to teachers. commissariat program for all vulnerable populations. Universal access to anti-malarial bed nets for all households in regions of malaria transmission. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation. One-half kilometer of paved roads for every thousand population. Acc ess to modern cooking fuels and improved cooking stoves to decreaseindoor air pollution.He states extreme poverty (a lack of access to basic needs) is very different from relative poverty (occupying a place at the bottom of the ladder of income distribution) within rich countries, and goes through a more detailed approach of implementing the six steps.He points out that not all donor assistance is for development. Much is used for emergency relief, care for move of refugees, geopolitical support of particular governments, and help for middle-income countries that have largely ended extreme poverty in their country. Also, only a small portion of development aid actually helps to finance the intervention package. Much of it goes for technical assistance which is not part of the MDG numbers.He spends time on the question, Can the USA afford the .7% of their GNP? He responds with a deafening Yes He does this in multiple ways, one of which is to show that the increase is only .55%, whic h would be hardly noticed in the USs average 1.9% increase year-by-year of its GNP.Chapter SixteenMyths and Magic BulletsThis is an interesting chapter because Sachs shoots down commonly held beliefs concerning the causes and solutions for poverty. He uses Africa as his case to do so. reversion to popular conception, Africa has not received great amounts of aid. They receive $30 per person per year but only $12 of that actually went to be used in development in Africa. $5 went to consultants of donor countries, $3 went to food and emergency relief, $4 for servicing Africas debt and $5 for debt relief. In reality, in 2002, only six cents per person went to development. Corruption is the problem which leads to poor governance. By any standard of measure Africas governance is low, but not due to corruption. African countries governance is no different than other poor countries in the rest of the world. Governance improves as the people become more literate and more affluent. Secondl y, a more affluent country can afford to invest more in governance. There is a democracy deficit. This is also not true. In 2003, 11countries in Africa were considered free, with 20 more partially free, and 16 not free. This is the same as is found in other regions of the world. Democracy does not translate into faster economic growth. Lack of modern values. Again, this is also false. Virtually every society that was once poor has been castigated for being unworthy until its citizens became rich and then their new wealth was explained by their industriousness. He traces this trend in multiple countries.One major factor that does cause change is the change in womens position in society as their economic situation improves, which accelerates the growth. The need for economic freedom is not fully true. Generally market societies out perform centrally planned economies. This leads to the estimate that all is needed is that the people must have the will to liberalize and privatize wh ich is too simplistic. He shows that there is no correlation between the Economic Freedom Index and annual growth rate of GDP. The single idea of Mystery of Capital put forth by Hernando de Soto which relates to the security of private position including the ability to borrow against it is also incorrect. Most poor hold their assets such as housing and land. There is a shortfall of morals which is thought to be the main cause of HIV in Africa. A study shows that Africa men are no different in the average number of sexual partners they have than any other part of the world. Saving children only to become hungry adults leads to population explosion. Actually it has been shown that the best way to reduce the fertility rate is to increase the economic status. In all parts of the world (except the Middle East) where the fertility rate is over 5 children, those countries are the poorest ones. As children survive, the parents feel less of a need to have more children which is a result of improved economic conditions. A rising tide lifts all boats. This means extreme poverty will take care of itself because economic development will pull all countries along to improvement. A rising improvement does not reach the hinder lands or mountain tops. Nature red in tooth and claw means that economic improvement is based on survival of the fittest and those who cannot compete fall behind. This is a Darwin thought which seems to still prevail throughout the world. Competition and struggle are but one side of the coin which has the other side of trust, cooperation, and collective action.He rejects the doomsayers who express that ending poverty is impossible. He believes he has identified specific interventions that are needed as well as found ways to plan and implement them at an affordable rate.Chapter SeventeenWhy We Should Do ItThere are several fallacies which affect the USAs giving The American public greatly overestimates the amount of federal funds spent on foreign aid. The US public believes that the government is providing massive amounts of aid. A 2001 survey by the University of Maryland showed that people felt that US aid accounted for 20% of the federal budget versus the actual of .15%. That is 24 times smaller than the actual figure. The American public believes that the US military can achieve security for Americans in the absence of a stable world. This has been proven untrue especially with 9/11. There is a fallacy in belief that there is a war of cultures. For many, this relates to Biblical prophesy of Armageddon and end times.The problem in the US is not opposition to increased foreign aid but a lack of political leadership to inform the public how little the US does supply, and then asking the US public to supply more. labored evidence has established a strong linkage between extreme poverty abroad and threats to national security. As a general proposition, economic failure (an economy stuck in a poverty trap, banking crisis, d ebt default or hyper-inflation) often leads to a state failure. A CIA Task force looked at state failures between 1954 and 1994 and found that the following three factors were most significant in state failure Very high infant mortality rate suggested that overall low levels of material well-being are a significant factor in state failure. Openness of the economy showed the more economic linkages a country had with the rest of the world, the lower chance of state failure. Democratic countries showed fewer propensities to state failure than authoritarian regimes.He then reviews what the US government has committed to since 9/11 Provide resources to aid countries that have met national reform. Improve effectiveness of the World Bank and other development banks inraising living standards. Insist on measurable results to ensure that development assistance is actually making a difference in the lives of the worlds poor. Increase the amount of development assistance that is provide d in the form of grants, not loans. Since trade and investment are the real engines of economic growth, open societies to commerce and investment. Secure public health. Emphasize education. Continue to aid agricultural development.In reality, little progress has been done by the US to the accomplishment of these goals. But he does spend time discussing where plans were established and that funds were menses where massive amounts of aid were provided by the USA End of World War II with the Marshall Plan which revitalized Europe and Japan. Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt Campaign started slow but ended up with large amount of national debt being cancelled in the poorest of countries. The Emergency Plan for HIV is providing $15 billion to fight this pandemic.The bottom line of this chapter is, OK, USA and other rich countries, you are saying good things, now step-up to the plate and do what you have agreed to do.Chapter eighteenOur Generations ChallengeOur generation is heir to two an d a half centuries of economic progress. We can realistically envision a world without extreme poverty by the year 2025 because of technological progress which enables us to meet basic needs on a global scale. We can also achieve a margin above basic needs unprecedented in history. Until the Industrial Revolution, humanity had known only unending struggles against famine, pandemic disease, and extreme povertyall compounded by cycles of war, and political despotism.At the same time, Enlightenment thinkers began to envision the possibility of sustained social progress in which science and technology could be harnessed to achieve sustained improvements in the organization of social, political,and economic life. He proposes four thinkers which led this movement Thomas Jefferson and other founders of the American state led the thought that political institutions could be fashioned consciously to meet the needs of society through a human-made political system. Adam Smith believed that the economic system could similarly be shaped to meet human need and his economic design runs parallel to Jeffersons political designs. Immanuel Kant called for an appropriate global system of governance to end the age-old scourge of war. Science and technology, fueled by human reason can be a sustained force for social improvement and human betterment led by Francis Bacon and Marie-Jean-Antoine Condorcet. Condorcet put much emphasis on public education to accomplish the goals.One of the most changeless commitments of the Enlightenment was the idea that social progress should be universal and not restricted to a corner of Western Europe. He said now it is our generations turn to help foster the following Political systems that promote human well-being Economic systems that spread the benefits of science, technology, and division of labor to all parts of the world. International cooperation in order to secure a perpetual peace. Science and technology, grounded in human rational ity, to fuel the continued prospects for improving the human condition.He then spends three or four pages discussing the good and bad points of the Anti-globalization Movement which is taking place. He also spends time discussing three movements which made these kind of changes in the world in their time The end of Slavery The end of Colonization The Civil Rights and Anti-Apartheid MovementHe closes with discussing the next steps which are Commit to ending poverty Adopt a plan of action built around the Millennium Development Goals Raise the voice of the poor Redeem the role of the United States in the world Rescue the IMF and World Bank Strengthen the United Nations Harness global science Promote sustainable development Make a private commitment to become involvedSummaryThis is an interesting book with new perspectives for me, and which is beginning to be taken seriously by the world. I believe, as declared earlier, that MAIs role is on-the-ground solutions for ending poverty th rough CHE which is spelled out in Chapter 12. But, as also noted, we can do it at a far lower cost than he estimates because of our commitment to empowering people to do things on their own and primarily with their own funds.

The Artwork

The artwork I chose for my paper comes from an artist by the name of Angel Rodriguez-Diaz. The title of the artwork is Circulos de perplexity meaning Circles of Confusion, and was painted in 1993. It is 31 7/8 inches high and 84 inches wide. This particular piece of art is painted, oil on paper on linen. Angel Rodriguez-Diaz is an American contemporary artist born in 1955, who lives in the San Antonio area. In Circulos de Confusion, there is a detailed painting of a shirtless existence, 30s-40s in age, wrinkles in the face, surrounded by a multitude of different colored circles.The man has his hands resting on his face. His index and middle fingers on distri thoively hand above his look, his ring fingers touching across the bridge of his nose and his pinkies resting above his lips just under his nose. He has a go over on his leftfield wrist. His eyes have a blank, captivating stare. The circles in the painting range in color from bright yellows and oranges to deep blues and su btle greens. The eyes of the man give meaning to the title of the artwork.Without his facial expression I would just assume this painting would be titled circles man with a headache. His eyes having a blank stare show his confusion without words. The way his hands rest on his face show where the focus should be in the painting. The watch in the painting shows the element of time but because you cannot see the time on the watch it leaves you with the impression that maybe time is still. The circles in the painting leave alone for thought that the mans mind is cluttered with thoughts as is the paper cluttered with circles.The brighter yellows and oranges are more centralized in the painting, whereas the darker greens and blues are more around the edges. The circles surround the man in the middle, except for on his chest and arms where the circles are not as close together but are still present. The way this painting was conducted only provides me with one meaning, although to a bett er trained eye there may be more. The man in the center of this painting is confused.His eyes give that iconic meaning to the expression of confusion. There is no clear indication as to what he is confused about. With his appearance being shirtless, I would say it is either early in the morning or late in the evening and he may be utter(a) into a mirror or reflective surface. It is possible he has a difficult decision to make or is not sure why a certain set of events occurred. The lack of background provides me with the notion that he is alone and isolated from the world in his thoughts.

Jose Rizal Life in Dapitan Essay

The El Filibusterismo is the sequel of the Noli Me Tangere. Both nationalistic tonics were written by Dr. Jose Rizal. In Noli Me Tangere, Rizal described the full extent of slavery and aversion suffered by the native Indios at the hands of Spanish authorities.Hence in this second book, Rizal pictured a society at the brink of revolution. The Indios have started to reconcile liberal ideas and guerrilla factions have started to revolt against the governance. The advent of the sassy starts 13 years after the events in the Noli Me Tangere, Juan Crisostomo Ibarra orchestrated a plot of evil mean but heroic desires.During his travels in Europe, Ibarra changed his name to Simoun. He becomes a renowned jeweler thus his wealth grew further. He started to make new connections with the illustrious social personalities in Spain. With his influence, he helped a military colonel to rise the ladder and be promoted as tribal chief general of the colonial territory, the Philippines.For Simoun, it was all planned. Upon his return in the Philippines, he was dubbed as his black eminence. People saw him as an influential figure whom his majesty consults whenever decisions are to be made. After all, his majesty, the captain general owed so often to Simoun.Simoun wants to take revenge and bring back the love of Maria Clara who now resides at the convent. The jeweler was famed for his wealth and power. Hence, no one thought that the opportunists and dire Simoun was the same idealistic Ibarra of the past.Simoun started to look for followers. He found his allies with the oppressed and enslaved. He form an alliance with Kabesang Tales group, an outlaw whose land was grabbed by the friars corporation. He then, looks for more men. He searched the villages looking for strong volitioned men who have a gripe on the government.Simoun, using the influence he has on the captain general, aligned stricter and more abusive government policies a move that leave alone make the people ang rier. This was the plot of Simoun, to use the peoples hatred against the government to his advantage. Simoun also ordered claps that will backfire and weaken the governments military forces.However, the revolution scheduled at the night of a musical gip in Manila didnt come into fruition.Months, later another plan was made. At the grand wedding of Juanita Pelaez, the son of a successful businessman and the better-looking Paulita Gomez, Simoun insisted to take charge in the decorating.Simoun knew that the feast would be attended by friars, government officials and prominent figures the same people who wrecked havoc to his life. Beneath the bonnie decorations and lighting were sacks of gun powder. The whole house was filled with explosives.Simoun formed his own army of the oppressed and enslaved and with the help of government soldiers and outlaws whom he commissioned, they will start a bloody revolution.The mission, to kill all Spanish authorities and to take control of the coun try. At the wedding, Simoun puts a beautiful lamp at the center of the table carved with cash linings and other kind of gems and jewelries. Simoun left as soon as delivering his gift, the lamp.It was a festive celebration but unknown to the guests, the lamp is a time bomb that will explode once lifted. It will result into a huge explosion that will be a signal to Simouns troops to simultaneously attack Manila. Just before the lamp explodes, a piece of mysterious paper bearing the message You will die tonight was being passed. It was signed by Juan Crisostomo Ibarra. sire Salvi confirmed that it was the real signature of Ibarra, a long-forgotten filibuster. The guests at the wedding were all frightened. Slowly, the lamps light started to diminish and soon one will lift it and will cause a huge explosion.However, a Isagani, a student and friend of the newly-weds knew the plot and because of his undying love to Paulita threw the lamp before it explodes.After the wedding, the plot was unraveled and a shoot-to-kill order for Simoun was commissioned. Hence, Simoun, the sly fox that he is, makes sure that he wont get caught alive. He drank a poison and as it effects started to take buzzer on his body, he was able to confess his plans and real name to a Filipino priests.CharactersSimounben zaybBasilioplacido penitenteIsaganiquirogaKabesang talesold man seloDon custodiofather fernandezPaulita Gomezattorney pastaFather florentinocaptain-generalHulipadre sibylaWhat is the end of el filibusterismo?the climax of the story of El Filibusterismo found in kabanata 35 in actd ANG PISTAWhat are the moral values of el filibusterismo?El Filibusterismo was Rizals second novel produce in Ghent, Belgium in 1891 with the financial help of Valentin Ventura. It is a sequel to his first novel, Noli Me Tangere.The main character of El Filibusterismo is Simoun, a rich jeweler from Cuba. He was Crisostomo Ibarra of Noli Me Tangere who, with Elias help, escaped from the pursuing soldier s at Laguna Lake, dug up his buried treasure, and sailed to Cuba where he became rich and made friends with many Spanish officials. After many years, he returns to the Philippines in disguise. He has become so powerful because he became an adviser of the governor-general. On the outside, Simoun is a friend of Spain. But deep in his heart, he is secretly planning a bitter revenge against the Spanish authorities. His obsessions are 1) to incite a revolution against the Spanish authorities, and 2) to rescue Maria Clara from the Sta.Clara convent.El Filibusterismo (Subversion) is the second novel by Jose Rizal, national hero of the Philippines. Written as a sequel to the Noli Me Tangere, it focuses more on dark themes and appears to favor revolution (at least as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as the main character is concerned) -by Manuel Viloria A Filipino Family on the WebEl Filibusterismo (lit. Spanish for The Filibustering1), also known by its English alternate title The Reign of Gree d,2 is the second novel written by Philippine national hero Jos Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me Tangere and like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent, Belgium.

Belonging: Birmingham Royal Ballet and Billy Elliot

An individualist had chance to choose to belong to community/ place/ culture which can helps a person gain an idea of belong or not belong to themselves because be is a part of our life. Immigrant Chronicle of Peter Skzynecki, Billy Elliot of Stephen Daldry and the Lottery by Shirley Jackson are 3 flop evidence shows an idea of belong within an individual feeling to connect to community or place or culture. The acceptance and rationality of big flummox can make a strong relationship within no bad mood reason such as Billy Elliot.The full torpedo of Billys Father try to push Billy back to the Health Check Room in the Royal Ballet School dapple he had changed his mind and want to come home emphasises Billys Father realised that Billy need to prove his talent in the best situation like Royal Ballet School. Furthermore, a sense of belonging can emerge from experiences through the family because the family is a perfect situation which helps an individual identifies themself in lov e, in relationship.Moreover, the metrical composition called Feliks Skzynecki in the collection of poem called Immigrant Chronicle by Peter Skzynecki is convey the idea of family specific the relationship between father and son. The poem opens with the uses of first person singular My Gentle Father suggests ownership and recognition of a familiar bond, the persona belong to his father. The use of word Gentle establishes Feliks as a calm and mild man and also demonstrate the relationship between the persona and his father is completely strong.Therefore, family is the first place which teaches you about the understanding and acceptance to identify the sense of belonging in your life. An individual can fit in a group and can feel the sense of belonging while they can notions their identity, relationships connection in that group. This can be seen in the story called The Lottery telling the audience about the story of a downhearted village where all the people come to do the traditi onal draw every year and from in that location, the relationship between people, neighbour, family are made.It is shown by the descriptive vocabulary of the paragraph The children assembled first, of course. School was their older brothers or sisters. can properly emphasise that the connection between student, children, and peoples. In addition, the sense of belonging can discover if an individual can find out and gain the happiness with their notions of identity, relationships. This statement is further emphasised in the movie called Billy Elliot. Billy a main sheath had hoose Ballet to identify his dream in the future, Ballets community group is where he can identify his identity. It is shows by the costume of his boxing accessory the white singlet can allow him to connect to Ballets class easier because the dancing girls are also dressed white. So, a sense of belonging can be finding out when an individual notice their identity, relationships, acceptance and understand ing in a group. However, sometimes the understanding and acceptance are occurs alone the sense of belonging is still silent.This can be finds in the The Lottery, the traditional is force to separate the family by doing the unfair and weird gaming festival. The communication of It isnt fair, It isnt right and the descriptive action after the dialogue which is a stone hit her on the side of the head depict the parapets wall between people with the traditions gaming which you have to take your life into the dangerous mood. No acceptance, no relationships, no understanding, there will be no sense of belonging. Immigrant Chronicles the book of poems which Peter Skzynecki convey the idea of barrier of belonging. Specially, Migrant Hostel highlights the barrier of belonging. Sustained imagery of raspberry bush projects the perspective of feeling uncertain about the future and reflects the transitionary stage of the composers life. So, while the acceptance and understanding are occur, there is also have a barrier of belonging from an individual. In conclusion, a sense of belonging can emerge from experiences and notions of identity, relationships, acceptance and understanding.

Starbucks Company Overview

Starbucks Company Overview Starbucks, a well-managed assertive company, has consistently achieved growth since its early beginnings. Starbucks is the jumbost retailer of specialty coffee drinks and coffee beans in the nation sold by company-owned retail outlets and supermarket chains (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). The Starbucks name has earned its place as an innovative organization that represents a sense of community and shared ideals among its customers, its employees, and the world at large and its brand is equivalent to quality.By combining its well-known name and brand with focused superior customer service, Starbucks is positioning itself in the market with enhancing both its product account and its marketing channels since it first opened its doors in 1971. Current expansion has obtained growth of over 2,000 locations throughout the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Asia. Starbucks brings the exciting coffee learn to its customers almost anywhere (The Gourmet Retailer, 2009). Starbucks, formerly known as Starbucks Coffee, Team and Spice was founded 1971 in Pike Place Market, Seattle, Washington.The owners, two men by the names of Gerald Baldwin and Gordon Bowker used to import and roast the coffee themselves in an old industrial building next to a meat packing plant. Baldwin and Bowker founded Starbucks because they loved coffee and teatime and wanted Seattle to have the best. Based on many of fundamental ideas of Alfred Peet from Peets Coffee and Tea in Berkeley, Baldwin and Bowker had a solid business of selling book coffees, with 5 stores operating throughout Seattle area. Howard Schultz joined Starbucks in 1982 as head of marketing.At Schultzs urging, Starbucks began testing its first espresso bar in Seattle, on April of 1984. According to Schultz and Jones Yang (1999), at heart two months, the store was serving 800 customers a day (p. 60). The average number of customer before the espresso bar opened was 250. After years of bein g in business, Gerald Baldwin and Gordon Bowker decided to sell Starbucks in March of 1987. By August of 1987, Howard Schultz bought Starbucks for $4 million dollars. On August 18, 1987, the Starbucks as we know it was born.By 1990, Starbucks had opened 84 stores. On June 26, 1992, Starbucks went public and was listed on the NASDAQ with a price of $21 a share. Starbucks for the next decade continued to expand its stores domestically and internationally. Starbucks also continued to widen their computer menu selections by offering food and specialty drinks. By the end of 1999, Starbucks had opened 2,498 stores. By 2007, Starbucks opened 15, 756 stores. From 2000 to current year, Starbucks continues to be the leader in the coffee industry. MarketRole of administration Regulations Government regulations has major implications in different aspects of Starbucks business. First of all, being a publicly listed company, government regulations has major implications on financial reporting a nd bill activities of the company. For example, Starbucks hire to comply with strict government regulations such as Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and other SEC/US GAAP related compliance issues pertaining to financial reporting and accounting policies. (Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP, April 2003, p. ) Non adherence to such regulations can result in significant penalties and fines for Starbucks. Government regulations also play an important role in global business of Starbucks, such as import of raw materials like Coffee and international operations of the company. Changes in government policies pertaining to import duties, tariffs, etc. can impact the import determine of Companys raw materials such as Coffee. Similarly, policies pertaining to international taxation can affect the profitability of its international subsidiaries.Government regulations also affect areas pertaining to environmental protection. As Starbucks is a socially responsible corporation, it adheres to governmen t regulations pertaining to environmental protection, disposal of waste, etc. Other areas where government regulations impact Starbucks operations are regulations pertaining to human resources of the company in areas such as recruitment and hiring, salary, etc. Starbucks need to comply with labor laws to avoid penalties and fines related to such laws.Starbucks also has to comply with federal and state regulations that are applicable to the organization. Issues and Opportunities unofficial and Conclusion References Starbucks Corporation. (2009). Starbucks. com. Retrieved September 2, 2009, fromhttp//www. starbucks. com/aboutus/overview. asp The Gourmet Retailer. (2009). gourmetretailer. com. Retrieved September 2, 2009, fromhttp//www. gourmetretailer. com/gourmetretailer/magazine/article_display. jsp? vnu_conte nt_id=1086864 Schultz, H. , & Jones Yang, D. (1999).Pour your heart into it. How Starbucks built a company one cup at a time. newfangled York Hyperion. Sutherland Asbill & B rennan LLP (April 2003). Legal Alert Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Compliance Update. Retrieved September 5, 2009, from http//www. sutherland. com/files/News/3523433c-b3c0-4daf-9da3-526153639409/Presentation/NewsAttachment/887a0e6b-bb72-4b68-9824-8d77f8a3de86/926210_2. pdfhttp//www. sutherland. com/files/News/3523433c-b3c0-4daf-9da3-526153639409/Presentation/NewsAttachment/887a0e6b-bb72-4b68-9824-8d77f8a3de86/926210_2. pdf

Frederick Douglass’ Paper Essay

This map portrays a mass exodus into the Northern states as well as Canada. The trip from Louisiana to Indian was an arduous expedition taking several weeks or months to transverse. In this trek Afri notify Americans excavate their stalwart bravado in the face of danger and prove that their freedom is worth the trail . Frederick Douglass With the melodic theme African American influence in the Civil War, the name of Frederick Douglass is synonymous with freedom, or free blacks. His belief in an unshackled African American race led him to be the spokesman of abolishing slaveholding.His importance in shaping the fate of the Civil War is found in his existence a voice for the freed slave, the oppressed slave, and the sympathizers of abolition. He changed the course of the war simply by speech out and demanding to be heard, as well as his actions against oppression. His protagonism in abolition changed the tide of not just the war, but also the mentality of umteen whites to the capa bilities of blacks, their intellect, as well as their strength and ingenuity in battle. Douglass was not only a lecturer on anti-slavery but he was a journalist and publishr as well.Douglass was invited to join the Anti-Slavery Society and journeyed on a circuit across the Northern states to speak out against slavery by using his own life as a basis for others to become abolitionists. During iodin of Douglass speeches in Pendleton Indiana he is accosted by a pile and has his right hand broken, only a friend and fellow abolitionist stopped the mob from murdering Douglass in this story and many others, Frederick proves to be a guiding light for other African Americans to unite and be free.Along with these feats of bravery, Frederick Douglass has a magazine entitle Frederick Douglass Paper, and subsequently has another paper entitled, Douglass Monthly in which he speaks of the horrendous nature of slavery, its disgrace to humanity and ways in which free blacks are rejoinder their lives in this country. (Tracy O. 2005). Bordewich describes Frederick Douglass as such, Douglass was one of the most charismatic members of an emerging generation of black intellectuals who were beginning to give African Americans a national voice with antislavery lecturing, journalism, and the ministry.More than anything else, however, it was the steady growth of independent black churches that provided the African American with what John Mercer Langston, the found of the Ohio State Anti-Slavery Society, a black organization called the opportunity to be himself, to test his own powers. (226) The bases of Douglass speeches were to boost abolitionists raise up in freedom of the African Americans. Many parts of the Northern states were still segregated, especially in areas that could prove to encourage African Americans to learn and be educated.In a Philadelphia, Robert Purvis instituted a black library . In New York, David Ruggles instituted a similar library. Blacks were rising up they were speaking their minds about suffrage, about oppression, discrimination on public transportation, and schools. Frederick Douglass aided in the movement of a race to define themselves as free to a forming nation, and with the idea of personal liberty laws helping to protect fugitives once they entered the North, this movement quickly became a staple in Douglass speeches as well as becoming a changing force in the course of the Civil War.(Bordewich, 226). In striking contrast to white abolitionists, black abolitionists incited their own personal struggles with slavery to get their target across that humans do not belong in bondage. In extreme cases of rebellion groups, some believed in the taking up of arms against their former masters and in the issue of slavery using the events happening on the Amistad d as a vehicle to incite further rebellion and to tend the fires of freedom and to attest that the supposed supremacy of white slave owners could be overthrown (Bordewic h, 227).The antislavery movement, with the help of Frederick Douglass, became one which, though devastated the southeastwards economy, defined the history of a nation during the Civil War. During his speech with the Anti-Slavery Society, Douglass met with many other like-minded abolitionists, and the lectures proved to be indispensable in allowing the general public to know what abolition was and why it was so integral in the Civil War. As Bordewich describes of Douglass life during these lectures.The antislavery movement provided Douglass and a host of his fellow speakers with a forum for their views and life experience that African Americans had never enjoyed before. The stories that they told of floggings, sadistic overseers, shattered families, and prostituted mothers and sisters overwhelmed skeptical Yankees for whom slavery was an unpleasant but abstract national problem, and turned thousands of them into active abolitionists. Douglass soon became one of the movements most po pular lecturers.All the other speakers seemed tame after Frederick Douglass, Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote, after a convention at Bostons Faneuil Hall. His immensely popular autobiography, starting published n 18445, made his name close to a household word (227) Douglass was so adamant about his views of abolition that once during a machinate ride where he paid for his first class ticket he refused to leave his seat despite the insistence of the managing director. When his refusal couldnt be tolerated any longer, the conductor had six men physically lift him from his seat to try and remove him due to the enforcement of Jim Crow laws.(Bordewich, 228). The Anti-Slavery Society offered Douglass the opportunity to lecture in New England in the spring of 1843. The lectures began in Vermont and New Hampshire and they ended in Ohio and Indiana. As Bordewich states of this event, Douglass was selected as one of the corps of traveling speakers who would cross the country. He was thrilled. This was his breakthrough, his opportunity to carry his nub to a national consultation. I never entered upon any work with more heart and apprehend, Douglass wrote. All that the American people needed, I thought was light.Could they know slavery as I knew it, they would hasten to the work of its extinction. 228. Among some of the other noted lecturers there were Charles L. Remond, Henry Highland Gernet, Amos Beaman, and Charles M. Ray. During this period, Frederick Douglass found within himself the ability to offer to an audience the reality of slavery through his own tale of it, and his eventual fugitive state and then freedom. The Church In times of crises, faith is tested, and through this exam there is a revelation of belief and a growing of churches.During the Civil War, both the enslaved blacks and the freed blacks depended on a reference point of stability and in no other place was this found more strongly than in the church. The church provided a meetinghouse for aboli tion events (lectures, etc. ), it gave the black community not only a place in which to worship but also a place in which to become united as a people. Not only were many Northern abolitionists found within the sight of the church and religion but also many blacks found within the church a place of sanctuary. As Bordewich states on the subject of black revival religion.Between 1863 and 1846, African Methodist Episcopal congregations grew from eighty-six to nearly three hundred, and spread from the churches orginal base in Philadephia as faw wast as Indiana. Black Baptist churches, meanwile, had grown from just ten in 1830 to thirty-four in 1844. Not surprisingly, black churches were usually outspoken in their profane swearing of slavery, and many of them were woeven into the web of the abolitionist underground, like the Bethel AME church in Indianapolis, a key station on the Underground Railroad, and Cincinnatis Zion Baptist Church, which regularysheltered fugitives in its basement (226). religion was also a source by which the African Americans could be educated. In this turn of events it is not necessarily the African Americans who were a great influence on the Civil War but the war gave them an opportunity to become educated and this happened mainly through studying the bible and learning to read it and become beaten(prenominal) with its morality. In the sulphur, the general opinion was that education for blacks was not stunted through un-exposure to education, but the North held a very different idea being outback(a) from the obstacle of slavery allowed freeman to discover their propensity for learning.It is through religion that this education was made possible, as Glatthaar states, The more Southern black soldiers studied the Bible, and the check they learned to read and write, the sooner proper character, represented by morality, thrift, industry, and striving for perfection, would take shape among these new freedmen. In turn, this would help to u plift the entire South (225).The view taken by the abolitionist movement in regards to religion and education was that in the reconstruction it was essential for African Americans to be able to read, write and do arithmetic. One of the overwhelming sentiments that came out of the Civil War was the engrossment of religion to the newly freed blacks. Their strength now came form a religious source and this source gave them the means by which to discover for themselves the true meaning of freedom and gratitude for that freedom.This can best be described through McPhersons quoting of Susie King Taylor , in that respect are good friends to the negro. Why, there are still thousands that have not bowed to BaalMan entails two hundred years is a long time, and it is, alike but it is only as a week to God, and in his own time-I know I shall not live to see the day, but it will come-the South will be like the North, and when it comes it will be prized higher than we prize the North to-day.Go d is just when he created man he made him in his image, and never intended on should misuse the other. All men are born free and equal in his sight (314). McPherson goes on to give power point about sentiment in the church, and Rev. J. Sella Martin a former slave became pastor of the Joy Street Baptist Church in Boston and wrote this note to Frederick Douglass, Just think of Dimmick and Slemmer (Union Officers) sending back the fugitives that sought protection of them.They refuse to let white men sell the Southerners food, and yet they return slaves to work on the plantation to chew up all the food that the Southerners want. They arrest traitors, and yet make enemies of the colored people, North and South and if they do force the slave to fight for his master, as the only hope of being benefited by the war, they may thank their own cowardice and prejudice for the revenge of the negros aid and the retribution of his bullet while battle against hem in the Southern States.I received a letter form Mobile, in which the writer states that the returning of those slaves by Slemmer has made the slaves determined to fight for the South, in the hope that their masters may set them free after the war, an when remonstrated with, they say that hey North will not let them fight for them (23). The influence that can be seen today with religion and African Americans is the vastness of churches rising across America, and the gospel hymns inspired by wanting to break free of slavery.

Eyewitness: Life Essay

In the movie Eyewitness Life, I had many factual observations. First, I not commensurate that cockroaches burn survive very low temperatures up until -40c. This has been a very efficient method for their natural selection. They are among the few creatures that develop survived from the prehistoric era. During the change of times and periods such as the ice age, most prehistoric creatures grow become extinct. It is this adaptation of the cockroaches that has on the wholeowed them to withstand change and be around until today. Second, it showed that humans need to eat as much as they weigh every 50 days.This shows the balance of intake and output with respect to the usage of food we eat for survival. It shows that an adequate amount of nutrition is important to maintain bingles self. Its amazing how every 50 days, a 70kg man actually should be taking in 70 kg worth of food which is a hulking quantity, much to a capitaler extent than wed actually notice day by day. Third, primi tive life can multiply very fast at unsafe speeds. The significance of this is yet another method of survival. In the wild, there are many predators which can devour the young.Being able to quickly multiply allows character to continually keep species alive and in good numbers despite the dangers that abound. Fourth, early camelopards whitethorn have started with short necks but as they stretched their necks for food they passed on the genes to next generation. This shows us how each specie can adapt to its environment. This allowed giraffes to adapt in order to rear for its needs. Through time, the lengthening of the neck of a giraffe is proof of an animals capability to ad just now to its environment for survival. Fifth, some male birds catch fish to attract females.The laws of attraction are indeed as real in nature as they are among us men. Sixth, oxygen isnt al moods a requirement for life. Bacteria found in sibylline oceans do not require oxygen. This shows us diversity in nature. Although we humans use oxygen, other creatures are capable of utilizing the other gases for their survival. Those that dont have access to oxygen, equal the bacteria, can adapt and utilize other basals. Seventh, when a live sponge is shredded it will replace itself exactly the same way. one(a) time more we identify how one can adapt to its environment and survive. This method of regeneration is how the sponge protects itself from extinction.The same goes for starfish and other similar creatures. They can re-grow a lost appendage or part to replace what may have been damaged by a predator. Eighth, tortoises on the Galapagos Island have a notch in their neck, a mutated trait that is passed on to adapt to their environment. Once more, like the giraffe, nature shows how a specie can adapt through time. Ninth, birds are incredible ventilating system machines. Some can babble without taking another breath. This is an fire fact. It shows a similarity of birds to us humans, where professional opera singers can mimic this birdlike quality and sing for extended periods on one breath.Lastly, snails move 0. 0013 km per hour. Indeed, they are among the slowest creatures on earth. Hence, nature for adaptation has provided them with a shell for protection, as although speed may not be used for defense, at least the hard covering may pose some resistance in order to survive. Eyewitness trees In the second movie, the first fact I learned was that trees once cover 4/5 of Earths land mass. Secondly, I also noted that trees still cover half of planet area today. This tells me two things.First, trees patently through time have been an essential part of wildlife and the balance of nature, as since they covered 4/5th of the earth before, they were very much integrated in nature. Second, it shows me how much we have already lost. To have only a half go forth shows how much more should be done to preserve these trees before even more are destroyed. The third fact is learned is that the oak tree offers home ground for many living things and is one of 30 thousand kinds of trees. Again, this further shows that trees are essential for animals and other wildlife, and the preservation of them is important to protect many aspects of nature.Frogs, salamanders, insects and many more depend on these trees and protecting these creatures means protecting their trees. Fourth, trees can grow almost anywhere, but occasional nature is inhospitable such as in the North and South poles. This shows us that apart from these obscure places, our protection of the forest may not only consist of preventing destruction, but of rebuilding forests as well. diligence over the years has destroyed much of them. As these trees are very capable of growing in almost anywhere, then there is even greater reason to set forth and begin the restoration of these lost forests.Fifth, I learned that from aspirin to the latest cancer drugs, we find treatment from trees. This is a maj or(ip) contribution of trees to our own survival. As these trees show much promise to the world of medicine, then all the more people must be made advised that they must be preserved. For each time some are interpreted for study, then new ones should be planted. How is the world to progress if we keep taking and taking, and one day there is no more? Another fact I learned was that it takes 4000 mature trees are needed to build a ship.Given the way industry today has taken over, this shows that thousands of trees have been taken to fill our harbors for cargo and trade. The question is how many of them were actually replaced? It enlightens us regarding the sheer amount of trees that are world taken. In light of their many uses, such as the medicinal use, then much care should be implemented in maintaining a balance surrounded by harvest of these trees and restoration of them. Imagine this, the seventh fact I learned was that one tree provides full year oxygen for 8 people. This mea ns that the 4000 trees taken for one ship is oxygen for 32000 people lost.These trees very much provide for us so much, and such, much more concern should be placed on their survival. Eighth fact I learned was that tropical trees grow all year, and for each year, trees grow by just adding rings around their trunk. They add up a new coat each year. I found this interesting as it shows how nature found a way to account for age just the way we do. Ninth, trees are homes for variety of animals. For example, leopards store their prey on trees. Again, not only do trees provide a way of life for the small creatures like frogs and snakes, but for the larger animals as well.A whole environment and diverse balance of life revolves around one tree, from oxygen production, to shelter, to food, and all these are deprive from creatures by their loss. Thus, by destroying trees, we are contributing to the loss of nature itself. The last fact I learned was an interesting one about the giant sequoia . This apparently is the biggest tree and can grow up until 34-storeys tall. In a tree so great and so large, imagine how much it can provide to all life around it. Amazing. Eyewitness Mammals I learned many things from this movie as well. The first fact I learned was that elephants never stop growing.Apparently, they can live up until 80 years, however in the wild, only until 30 years. I found it interesting that the elephants can actually live as grand as we do. Also interesting was how much shorter they live in the wild, precisely 50 years shorter. This shows us the role of care and elections to life. In the wild, they have to provide food for themselves and in the event of a drought and such, when food is scarce, survival time is shorter. Secondly, in the wild, they are exposed to the elements, such as wind, heat and rain, which stand up wear and tear on them also decreasing life.Of course, as an additional factor, they are targets as prey for carnivores and this also can dec rease their life span. When in care, they are exempt from many of these, thus they live longer lives. Id say the same for us humans, and any other creature, who can impart longer lives when in good care and nurturing environment. The second fact I learned was that bats are only mammals that can truly fly. They have great navigation skills, can see pray without using their eyes, and have enough stealth to attack their prey without being heard.This primarily shows that bats are in fact not birds, and belong to our group of species the mammals. Its interesting how they have managed to adapt by garnering the ability to approach in stealth. This ensures them adequate food resource needed to survive. It also helps with their habitat, as their flight skills allow them to navigate in the dark caves where the dwell. Third, polar bear have black skin and white fur. This was interesting as it shows camouflage. Polar bears live in icy regions. Their white fur allows them to blend in the surrou ndings to aid in the hunt for food. Fourth, a shelve that lay eggs is a mammal.As ducks are birds, there are some mammals that may look like a duck because they possess a similar foot webbing or beak, such as a platypus. Fifth, some anteaters eat 30000 ants per day. This was another interesting fact as 30000 ants a day, would mean 210000 ants a week, and millions more a month. Sixth, rabbits communicate with tail talk. Communication is one similarity between us and animals only in different form. It interesting to see how just like we do, animals have learned to coordinate by other forms of communication. As whales can use their sonar, rabbits use their tails.Seventh fact is that camels are able to detect water more than few days away. These creatures live in the deserts where water is scarce. This ability is an amazing adaptation as it allows them to survival resources in the harshest conditions. Their hump is also another adaptation is it stores energy and fat needed in the event that water and food are miles away through the desert. Eighth, a dominant male seal can mate 100 times in one season. This is a survival method. By having the capability to do so, one males can impregnate more than a hundred females thus ensuring a lot of newborn seals to increase their number by next season.It keeps them in survival despite being prey to the polar bears and killer whales. Ninth, a mouse is only pregnant 6 weeks and a cat 9 weeks. The short gestation period allows room for multiple births a year, against ensuring survival of a species through regular reproduction. The last fact was that if a hedgehog falls down from height, it bounces. This was so interesting, as it apparently has a ball like quality. This helps it survive a fall as it covering allows the bounce to reduce the pressure of impact, and helping it survive.