Substance use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Substance use - Essay Example On the other hand the parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart rate, causes papillary constriction, and increases digestion. 2. List and explain three mechanisms by which drug tolerance might occur.  (One paragraph-at least 4 sentences) Drug tolerance occurs through different ways in the body. Three major mechanisms of drug tolerance go down to the molecular level. It can occur when the degradation enzymes for a specific drug are increased in the body and this result in the destruction of the drug before it begins its action. In another mechanism the receptors for the drug are removed temporarily or the down regulation of receptors occurs. These receptors are necessary for the action of the drug and decreased receptors might result in drug tolerance. Enhanced excretion of the drug is the third mechanism through which tolerance to the drug occurs. Excretion of the drug increases when the tolerance to it increases. 3. Discuss why current laws on crack possession have been criti cized. Include at least three of these criticisms.  (One paragraph-at least 4 sentences) Current laws on crack possession have been criticized by many because the same laws for crack in the powder form are lenient. Critics put forward that crack in powder form should also be penalized in the same way as normal crack is.

Patient Interview Essay Example for Free

Patient Interview Essay Enable to conduct a study that could represent the population of hypertensive people, the researchers decided to divide themselves into two. This is for the purpose of having participants from two different locations. The first group was designated to obtain three patients from the clinic whereas the second group was assigned to attain at least 2 more patients from the university. The former was able to able to approach ten people hence only a ratio of 1:3 agreed to participate. The latter, on the other hand, manage to found two participants out of the eight people they have approached. Both groups of researchers followed the same approach in inviting their potential participants. Most of the participants were either patients in the clinic or employees of the university. The researchers explain the purpose and format of the interview, the terms of confidentiality, and how long will the intended interviews lasts. After the patient interviewee agreed to participate, they had lead to a less noisy environment within the vicinity of both the clinic and the university. The Patients Patient number 1 is a 63-years old man. His ethnicity falls under the African-American category. He has completed his graduate school and was now a successful businessman. He has been diagnosed to have Diabetes Mellitus two years ago and a known hypertensive at the early age of 36. He is insured under the Health Maintenance Organization or what commonly known as HMO. Patient number 2 is a 47-years old female. She originates from Canada. She’s a high school graduate and was now working as a cashier. She claims she doesn’t have any disease at all. This patient has no insurance of any kind. Patient Number 3 is a 58-years old Chinese Professor. He has recently been diagnosed to have renal problem, which could eventually lead to end-stage renal disease if not properly addressed. He has also mentioned that he has some fluctuating blood pressure readings over the past three years. As for his insurance, he was under Medicare. Patient Number 4 is a 37 years old factory worker from Sweden. He claimed he was a known hypertensive since the age of 30 because of his fondness to eat fatty foods. He doesn’t have any insurance at all. Patient Number 5 is a 70-year old retired engineer, who originates from Australia. Although old, he claimed that he was still in the pink of health except for his arthritis. This patient is insured under HMO, that he says he’s not worried if ever he would have illness in the future. These five patients came from different walks of life. But their knowledge and belief about their condition varies slightly. The study showed that the most prevalent issues among the participants were how they conceive the seriousness of having elevated blood pressure. Most of the participants were unaware of its complications. How can these patients be cured if they haven’t felt the danger it can bring to their lives? The first step to healing any disease state no matter how tough it is; is the knowledge of disease, identifying cause, risk factors of worsening the disease and barriers preventing the cure of the disease (Alexander, 2003). When these patients got to know their real health state, awareness follows. By doing so they can be able to grasp the notion of their actual condition Another issue that surfaced among the participants is the misconceptions they have about the origin and cause of hypertension. Many patients often perceive their illness as a burden they will carry out all their lives and that no matter what they do, they won’t achieve a normal state. This perception affects patients negatively because it impacts on their compliance; these perceptions and feelings make patients lose hope of curing (Ross, 2004). This is not true however, patients with hypertension might have the disease all throughout their lives but it can be kept under controlled. In addition, poor control was due to other lifestyles that patients were practicing (Egan, 2003). So with the right lifestyle, management and compliance, hypertension can stay at bay side for the rest of their lives. For any medical intervention to be effective, trust and communication between the healthcare provider and patients is a vital aspect. The interventions discussed would be very much beneficial to combat the increasing incidence of hypertension among the productive and elderly population. By distributing pamphlets that contained details regarding how to take medicines and obtain blood pressure through the use of blood pressure apparatus, we are escalating their awareness for self-care and evaluation as well. Moreover, thru this dissemination of information we can constitute reinforcement on patient’s education on how to be conscious of their health state. But one aspect should be included in that method. People should be taught regarding the normal blood pressure range and how an increase or decrease of this range can affect their whole being. The most significant contribution of this method is that, not only will it be beneficial to people with hypertension but it can also helps to identify those people who is unaware that they might already be suffering from elevated blood pressure. It is important to note here that educating patients about general knowledge and awareness is not enough to effectively treat or control hypertension. Patients should be thought to recognize and adhere to the importance of following their blood pressure readings daily to well control their state and prevent any worsening that could take place. Focusing on educating patients will for sure prevent the progression to strokes and heart diseases (Oliveria, 2004). As for the implementation of mandatory course, it will also be imperative to have this method of intervention because it can obliterate misconceptions. Many people think that having hypertension is not a serious state. By obligating them to attend courses they can be made aware that hypertension can lead to a more life threatening conditions like strokes and heart attacks. It is true indeed that when patient understands their condition, compliance is better as compared to those who do not have any idea of their real health status. But there is a drawback here; the course should be as simplified as possible. Because illiteracy is increasing worldwide, subsequently many patients won’t be able to understand complicated and technical words. Low literate patients will not be able to fully manage or comprehend medical devices to track of disease progression and prevent worsening of status (Williams, 1998). Keeping a diary of everyday’s intake and activity can lead to a more personal and specialized management. Thus it can lead in identifying what activity or food can be minimized to obtain the necessary result. In general, education brings awareness and can then lead to better compliance.

Challenges Affecting International Students in Australia Essays

Challenges affecting international students in Australia 1.0 Challenges facing international students in Australia 1.1 Introduction The need for higher education has prompted many students to seek further studies in international colleges outside their countries and Australia has become an academic hub for international students who mostly come from developing nations in Asia and Africa. The students, once they secure a place in this schools, they are subjected to a new environment which comes with different challenges. International students in Australia have become an integral part of the society both social and economical. However the students face a myriad of challenges before fully adopting to the new learning culture. In this report, the focus is centered in the analysis of challenges facing the international students in Australia and strategies the institutions and students have resolved to use to address the problems. The case reviews the social as well as economic factors which affect these students in the processes of their academic pursuits. 1.2 Social Issues 1.2.1 Language Barrier: There are several social issues that affect the international students in Australia. The major social issue is basically language barrier. According to Sawir (2005), prior research indicates that many international students from Asia, studying in Australia, face serious learning difficulties and lack confidence in speaking and taking a proactive role in classrooms and surrounding environment. Language barrier creates communication barriers between the lecturers and some students especially from Asian countries and can lead to dismal academic performance while at the same time separating themselves from mainstream society. The... ...on to the students about the university and its environment, before enrolment. Offering part-time job placement and coordinating with surrounding firms to assist the students can be of great help to the society. 3.0 References Marginson, S, Deumert, A, Nyland, C, Gaby Ramia & Sawir, E, The Social and Economic Security of international students in Australia: Study of 202 student cases, Monash Institute for the Study of Global Movement, Monash University Morris, J, E, 2009, Approaches and strategies to foster a culture of academic honesty: how can we help students develop an understanding of good academic practice? Oxford, United Kingdom Higher Education Academy Sawir, E, 2005, Language difficulties of international students in Australia: The effects of prior learning experience, Australia, Education Faculty, Monash University

How Communication Affects Relationships Essay

Communication affects relationships at work in a big way. Communicating in a positive manner will give me a very different response to communicating in a negative manner, it is also important that I alter the way i communicate dependant on who I am speaking to as everybody will respond differently to different styles and variations of communication. One of the parts of my job is to communicate with my colleagues. I must insure that as the environment I work in can and often is stressful, that I speak in a calm manner and that I am clear and concise. By doing this I lessen the chance of information that I passed on being misheard or misunderstood and by being calm I have a reassuring effect on my colleagues. When speaking to families of patient I must insure that I an understanding and come across friendly and professional as a good relationship with a patient’s family can have positive effects on the patients because it is important that families understand the patients treatment plan and how they can have positive influence on the patient. I must communicate with the patients in the most effective way possible. As a health Care worker I need to be able to build trust and a good relationship with those I look after. It is important that I use variation of communication skills to relay what I am trying to get across, this will help the patient understand what is be communicated and in turn will help the patient communicate there needs.

Outline the Level of Engery Security in the Uk

Assess the level of energy security in the UK Energy security is defined as the extent to which an affordable, reliable and stable energy supply can be achieved. Over the last few decades, the energy situation in the UK has constantly been changing, from producing enough oil and natural gas to be a net exporter of both fuels to now being on the brink of not importing and producing enough energy to meet the nations’ demands.The past decades of the UK’s energy were probably brighter days than what we can look forward to in the future, with one researcher from Cambridge University, Professor David MacKay, suggesting the UK could face severe blackouts by 2016 (UK ‘could face blackouts by 2016’ – BBC News Sept 2009). Although the general use of energy in the UK has not increased huge amounts, with per capita usage in 1965 at 3. 6 tonnes oil equivalent per year and in 2005 at 3. 8 tonnes oil equivalent, the energy security of the UK has worsened considerab ly.As global population increases and more countries are using larger amounts of fossil fuels to meet their energy demands, the UK is limited to the amount it can import and is put under pressure to use more renewable sources of energy. Problems within geopolitics has also caused problems for the UK’s energy security as prices fluctuate, changing the amount of oil we can export and how much we have to pay for our imported energy. Past When BP records began, the UK was getting 98% of its primary energy from burning fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal mainly due to the increasing transportation and power generation sectors.Pre-1976, the UK was a large importer of oil due to the fact there were very few known oil sources that could be used domestically. In the following years North Sea oil was discovered and production got underway, meaning the UK could gradually reduce their imports and rely more on domestic oil. Within a few years, in 1981 the UK had become a net expor ter of oil showing that at this time there was no major issue with energy security but instead that there was a surplus and a chance to make some money. The use of natural gas in the UK did not get started until 1968 and production was thriving for 30 years ntil its peak in 2000 and then saw a gradual decline. The UK imported very little gas, and most of the gas produced from the North Sea was consumed in the UK and only for a brief period did the UK actually export natural gas. During the peak times of natural gas production, it was introduced as a replacement for coal for home heating and power generation as it’s a much cleaner source of energy and could help to reduce the air pollution in cities. Up until 1995 the UK imported some natural gas from Holland and Norway which could also be an important connection for the future.In the 60s, coal was the UKs main source of primary energy, accounting for around 60% of the daily consumption, but by 1999 this number had declined to just 16%, showing how the UK had found other sources of energy giving a much larger diversity to their energy consumption. If you were to give the UK a score for the energy security index for this period, it would probably be a similar score to today but for different reasons. The diversity score would be much lower as it is clear that the UK relied on coal, oil and gas and got very little energy from any other sources.However, the availability score would be much higher because we relied much less on imports and the majority of energy consumed was produced domestically. Present In 2006, the percentage of primary energy that comes from oil, coal and gas had reduced from 98% to 92%, showing that UK had introduced new renewable schemes and were increasing their diversity. Over the past 4 decades, population has increased from 54,350,000 to 60,245,000 but the per capita consumption has remained fairly constant with a slight increase to 3. 8 tonnes oil equivalent.Although the UK was re lying less on oil and gas consumption, we had once become a net importer of oil in 2006, when North Sea Oil production had started to decline. The falling production and rising prices of oil are predicted to have a huge negative effect on the UK’s economy. We could see a ? 5 billion profit in 2000 to a deficit of over ? 20 billion by 2012. It is estimated that there are still 20 billion barrels of oil available to exploit, but there is a worry that in the competitive market, investment is likely to go to other places in the world and this oil could go to waste. There are also worries that with the declining production nd increased reliance on imports that our oil supply could be limited. There is hope that drilling in the Falkland Islands will produce enough oil to pay-off the billion pound deficit. The UK is also having serious problems with coal and gas production which is leading to even more imports. We have once again become a net importer of both fuels, and as the marke t becomes more competitive these fuels will sell themselves to the highest bidders meaning that everyone in the UK will have to start paying more for their energy. Many people are starting to question why we do not use more renewable energy sources like wind, solar or nuclear energy.Critics say that we shouldn’t rely on wind energy because of its intermittent nature and it would make more sense to spend the money on improving nuclear technologies. The argument for nuclear energy is a controversial one however as people have heard worrying things about nuclear power plants. ‘As long as you don’t mention the words Chernobyl, or nuclear waste, or planning permission’ (Association of Commercial Energy Assessors (ACEA) 2011) nobody would have major problems with nuclear energy but would instead see an opportunity to produce lots of cost-effective, clean energy.A report from the Lords economic affairs committee has also suggested it would be worth while spending money on new power plants that are ‘connected to carbon capture and storage schemes’. This report also attacked the government’s plans of relying more on clean energy sources, saying that it is a way of ignoring the UK’s energy crisis and could also start costing households and extra ? 80 per year. It is clear that at this moment in time, the UK is fairly energy insecure as it has a massive reliance on foreign imports and the diversity of energy sources is fairly limited.Energy security has become a key issue for the government and there are plans in place to try and sort the problem. Future/Key Concerns Perhaps the biggest worry for the UK’s energy future is highlighted in the book ‘Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air’ by Professor David MacKay, where MacKay says the UK ‘could face blackouts by 2016’. The book concluded with the fact that the projections for power stations and new technologies does not add up and ‘not enough power capacity is being built’. He told BBCNews this could happen while coal and nuclear power stations come to the end of their productive lives and are phased out. Professor MacKay believes we need to invest more money into renewable and blames the public, for rejecting proposals of wind farms and nuclear power plants while demanding a unchanged lifestyle, for the possible energy problems. He also says how he thinks the blackouts could be the only way to get people to realise that we need to invest in modern nuclear technology and other clean sources of energy, rather than relying on the limited supplies of coal, oil and gas.In another report, written by Ian Fells (a professor at the University of Newcastle), the point about the blackouts was reinforced and the extent to which it could cause huge problems for the UK was made evident when he said ‘We had a power cut in 2003 for about 12 hours in the City of London – the consequential loss w as about ? 700m because everything stops. All you IT stops, the stock market doesn’t work. ’ This shows the economic losses of 12 hours of blackouts in just the City of London, so the threat of national blackouts for days would cost the UK economy billions of pounds.Fells’ report shows the same gloomy future as Professor MacKay’s book, with worries that over the next decade the UK will lose one third of its electricity producing capacity as we won’t have the renewable energy to cope and nuclear power stations won’t be ready. Fells also makes a point about how we will have to keep many nuclear and coal-fired power stations open long past their ‘sell-by-date’ which would not be good for the environment. Fells believes the controversial Kings North power station in Kent could also be needed, but it would need to be fitted with carbon capture and storage technology before it was brought into use.Ofgem have produced a major report on Britain’s energy supplies, to which it was concluded that by 2015 we will be hit by a ‘perfect storm’ that could cost the UK at least ? 200 billion to secure our energy supplies but to also meet carbon emissions targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. Conclusion Over the past 5 decades, the UKs energy situation has never been great, we have always relied on some foreign imports and we have never really introduced any major renewable energy schemes.However, our energy security has become progressively worse and is predicted to get worse still. If we do not start to introduce some more nuclear plants or renewable energy schemes then we will have very little energy available to us as oil prices rise and supplies run low. Power is soon to become a very expensive commodity as we try to cope with the challenge of rapid growth and so it is certain that very soon everyone in the UK will have to start paying more for their power.

Conventional Morality Essay Essay Example

Conventional Morality Essay Essay Example Conventional Morality Essay Paper Conventional Morality Essay Paper Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Physical effects of an action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the human significance or value of these effects. Avoidance of penalty and unquestioning respect to power are valued in their ain right. non in footings of regard for an implicit in moral order supported by penalty and authorization. † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is for ego – â€Å"Will I get into problem for making ( or non making ) it? † Good behavior is associated with avoiding penalty. Insufficiency of Stage 1 logical thinking: Avoidance of penalty regardless of the ethical value of the actions is unhealthy particularly under â€Å"bad† governments such as Adolf Hitler. * Phase 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: Right action is â€Å"that which instrumentally satisfies one’s ain demands and on occasion the demands of others. † â€Å"Human dealingss are viewed in footings like those of the market place ; elements of equity. reciprocality and equal sharing are present. but they are ever interpreted in a physical or matter-of-fact manner. Reciprocity is a affair of ‘you scratch my dorsum and I’ll abrasion yours. ’ non of trueness. gratitude or justness. † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is â€Å"What’s in it for me? † It is still egoistic in mentality but with a turning ability to see things from another person’s position. Action is judged right if it helps in fulfilling one’s demands or involves a just exchange. Inadequacy of Stage 2 logical thinking: Where the demands of different persons struggle. can there of all time be a just exchange? Doesn’t this struggle call for forfeit from one of the parties? Degree 2 – Conventional Morality People at this phase conform to the conventions / regulations of a society. * Phase 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Good behaviour is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. There is much conformance to stereotyped images of what is bulk or ‘natural’ behavior. Behavior is often judged by purpose. ‘He means well’ becomes of import for the first clip. One earns blessing by being ‘nice. ‘† ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is â€Å"What will people believe of me? † and the desire is for group blessing. Right action is one that would delight or affect others. This frequently involves selflessnesss but it provides the psychological pleasance of ‘approval of others. ‘ Actions are besides judged in relation to their purpose. Insufficiency of Stage 3 logical thinking: * Same individual. different functions OR Different groups. different outlooks * Different people. different functions * People non populating up to their responsibilities or functions * Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Right behaviour consists in making one’s responsibility. demoing regard for authorization and keeping the given societal order for its ain interest. † A individual in this phase â€Å"orients to society as a system of fixed regulation. jurisprudence and authorization with the chance of any divergence from regulations as taking to societal pandemonium. † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern now goes beyond one’s immediate group ( s ) to the larger society †¦ to the care of jurisprudence and order. One’s duty to the jurisprudence overrides one’s duties of trueness to one’s household. friends and groups. To set it merely. no 1 or group is above the jurisprudence. Inadequacy of Stage 4 logical thinking: * Unquestioning obeisance toward authorization is unhealthy. * Accepted societal order may non be the best possible order. The Torahs of society may even be bad. Degree 3 – POSTConventional Morality The moral rules that underline the conventions of a society in this degree are understood. * Phase 5: Social Contract Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Generally with useful overtones. Right action tends to be defined in footings of general single rights and in footings of criterions which have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society †¦ with an accent upon the possibility of altering jurisprudence in footings of rational consideration of societal public-service corporation ( instead than stiffly keeping it in footings of Stage 4 jurisprudence and order ) . † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is societal public-service corporation or public involvement. While regulations are needed to keep societal order. they should non be blindly obeyed but should be set up ( even changed ) by societal contract for the greater good of society. Right action is one that protects the rights of the single harmonizing to regulations agreed upon by the whole society. Insufficiency of Stage 5 logical thinking: How do we get at a consensus on the regulations that are good for society? Should a bulk group enforce their penchants on a minority group? What if you disagree with the determination of the bulk? * Phase 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Right is defined by the determination of scruples in agreement with self-chosen ethical rules appealing to logical fullness. catholicity and consistence. These rules are abstract and ethical ( the aureate regulation. the categorical jussive mood ) and are non concrete moral regulations like the Ten Commandments. At bosom. these are cosmopolitan rules of justness. of the reciprocality and equality of human rights. and of regard for the self-respect of human existences as single individuals. † ( Duska. R. and Whelan. M. . 1975 ) Summary: The concern is for moral rules †¦ an action is judged right if it is consistent with self-chosen ethical rules. These rules are non concrete moral regulations but are cosmopolitan rules of justness. reciprocality. equality and human self-respect. Insufficiency of Stage 6 logical thinking: Our scruples is non an infallible usher to behaviour because it works harmonizing to the rules we have adopted. Furthermore. who or what determines these cosmopolitan rules? Although moral logical thinking does non needfully take to moral action. the latter is based in portion on one’s capacity to ground about moral picks. Kohlberg was more concerned with the logical thinking of the action than the action itself. And that concluding when acted upon becomes our motive. II – ETHICAL RELATIVISM * Cultural Relativism ( sociological relativism ) : The descriptive position that different groups of people have different moral criterions for measuring Acts of the Apostless as right or incorrect. A. Therefore. it is non an ethical doctrine–it’s a sociological or experimental conclusion–even so ; the position is slightly equivocal. B. For illustration. different groups might hold the same basic moral rule. but apply the rule in radically different state of affairss. 1. A 2nd sense of cultural relativism is less obvious. I. e. . that different civilizations differ on basic moral rules. 2. A possible ground for the observation of cultural relativism is shown by the illustration of basic moral rules which could be said to back up different moral regulations harmonizing to the readings of different civilizations. In the undermentioned diagrams. there are two immensely different readings listed for each moral rule. * Ethical Relativism: the normative position that ( 1 ) different groups of people ought to hold different ethical criterions for measuring Acts of the Apostless as right or incorrect. ( 2 ) these different beliefs are true in their several societies. and ( 3 ) these different beliefs are non cases of a basic moral rule. A. The ethical relativist frequently derives support for his place by two basic errors: 1. The relativist confuses cultural ( or sociological ) relativism with ethical relativism. but cultural relativism is a descriptive position and ethical relativism is a normative position. ( E. g. . cultural relativismdescribes the manner the manner people really behave. and ethical relativism prescribes the manner people ought to act. 2. The ethical relativist frequently argues as follows: â€Å"An absolute ethical criterion has neer been proved beyond uncertainty in the history of idea. Thus. an absolute ethical criterion does non be. † This statement is an case ad ignorantiam false belief. P is unproven ; not-p is true. From the fact that a statement has non been proved. we can logically pull no decision. B. Expostulations to ethical relativism. 1. The Differing Ideals Objection ( or. as it is sometimes called. the lingual expostulation ) : it is inconsistent to state that the same pattern is considered right in one society and considered incorrect in another. ( If â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† are to hold consistent significance. so the footings must be used in the same manner. ) Possible counter-objections ( by the ethical relativist ) : a. The relativist sometimes states that â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no consistent significance. These words reflect merely emotion or possibly the ceremonial usage of linguistic communication. In other words. this defence shades into ethical subjectivism. Counter-counter-objection ( by ethical absolutist ) : The job with believing that â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no consistent significance is the ordinary usage of words in this instance consequences in nonsense. What would go on if people used the same word in different state of affairss to mention to different things? Communication would non take topographic point. B. Some ethical relativists believe ethical words are reducible to non-ethical values ; e. g. . these words have to make with recommendations for endurance or wellbeing. Counter-counter-objection ( by ethical absolutist ) : the job here is merely the trouble of understanding the nature of a non-ethical value. Would a non-ethical value be an aesthetic value? c. Some relativists believe we can warrant relativism by intuition. disclosure. authorization. etc. Counter-counter-objection ( by ethical absolutist ) : these efforts are subjectively based ; they differ from clip to clip and topographic point to topographic point. 2. Mental Health Objection to ethical relativism ( from the definition or standard of a group ) : If â€Å"what is right in one group is incorrect in another. † where precisely does one group terminal and another Begin? Counter-objections to the Mental Health Objection ( by the relativist ) : * Right and incorrect are to be determined in the state of affairs. * Right and incorrect are to be determined by what the bulk determine at the clip and topographic point. * Right and incorrect are finally established by power or authorization. 3. Ad Populum Objection to the relativist’s belief that moralss is established by what most people believe: Simply because most people think something is right does non thereby do it right. Simply because most people think a statement is true does notmake that statement true Counter-objections to the ad populum expostulation ( by the relativist ) : a. The same trouble of set uping the significance of â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† issues for the absolutist. pari passu. The absolutist has been unable to province a universally agreed upon intending to the footings. ( Notice that this response is a discrepancy of the ad hominem- tu quoque. ) B. Other solutions to the inquiries of the significance of cardinal ethical footings harmonizing to the relativist are possible by appealing to survival value. consensus gentium. and so on 4. Moral Progress Expostulation: If ethical relativism were right. there could be no such thing as moral betterment or intent in civilizations or a person’s life. To hold betterment. we must hold a criterion by which to judge the difference in moral values. Counter-objections ( by the relativist ) : a. That’s correct–we can do no such judgement that one society is better than another. We could merely judge by our ain values. B. If something like â€Å"survival value† is used to anchor moral beliefs. so moral betterment might be identified with â€Å"increased cognition refering endurance of the society. † * Ethical Absolutism: the normative position that there are basic or cardinal ethical rules which are true without making or exclusion as to clip. status. or circumstance. * Ethical Nihilism: the position that ethical footings such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no significance or are nonsensical. A. Expostulation: but something is meant when we say. â€Å"X is incorrect. † Counter-objections ( by the nihilist ) : 1. If there is no empirical significance to the footings. they have no â€Å"cash value. † ( Q. v. . positivism. ) 2. â€Å"Whatever can be said. can be said clearly. † The load of cogent evidence that the footings have significance is on the non-nihilist. * Ethical Incredulity: the position that ethical footings such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† might hold intending but their significance can non be established. A. Expostulation to incredulity at this point is methodological. Ethical incredulity should non be held a priori at the beginning of an probe but should merely be a possible result after a thorough survey.

Why Diverse Teams Are More Successful

Why Diverse Teams Are More Successful Diverse teams are smarter, deeper and more effective than usual ones. The secret is on the surface. Diversity is the condition of being composed of different elements and is often referred to people. The types of diversity can vary according to the age, religion, race, culture, and abilities. Recently Credit Suisse conducted the research â€Å"The CS Gender 3000: Women in Senior Management†. Since 2012 the company’s research team has been analyzing the gender diversity and corporate management. The report shows that the companies with more women in the boardroom bring better results on stock markets. â€Å"Why Diversity Matters†, another report on diversity prepared by Mckinsey in 2015, shows that companies committing themselves to diversity in leadership are more effective and successful. The non-homogenous staff is believed to improve their customer orientation and decision making. The report found that ethnic and racial diverse managers are 35% more likely to have financial returns above the industry mean. A BETTER WAY TO UNDERSTAND TEAMS AND ROLES Why Is Diversity Important? Employees with diverse backgrounds may change the behavior of the whole group. This change may be different, positive and negative. In the USA even mentioning the word â€Å"diversity† may lead to conflict. It’s because a strong idea of inclusion that everyone should be able to use the same facilities, enjoy the same experiences and take part in the same activities. American companies tend to spend millions to manage workplace diversity issues, but yet they still having lawsuits on discrimination. But it is reasonable to dig into what importance of diversity is and what good it does. If you want to create a team capable of outside-the-box thinking and innovating you should bring a diversity in it. Diversity is considered to change the way a group of people thinks. When different people are brought together to solve the problem, they express their opinions and thoughts on the matter. And there may be the difference in these opinions as to the ways of solving the problem. Diverse teams are more objective and are constantly reexamining the facts. Analyzing Information Diverse teams process and analyze facts and information more accurately to make the right decision. In the study published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin in Northwestern University by Katherine Phillips, a team was divided into 2 groups of members: the first one with the out-group newcomers and the second with newcomers. Both groups were to read the interviews conducted by the detective who investigated a murder and to find out who the suspect was. It turned out that the second group was more accurate of a joint decision. This research showed that diverse groups may outperform the homogeneous ones in discussing, problem-solving and decision making. Teams with any, gender, racial or cultural diversity work harder both socially and cognitively. Diverse groups of people exchange a wider range of data, they are better at considering the facts, they assume that they need to work harder to come to a consensus. Globalization demands more interaction among people from diverse backgrounds. Since the diversity in the workplace shows strong potential to improve collective work and yield productivity, bringing it to the companies become a key to effective management. A diverse team in your company may become the reflection of the rapidly changing marketplace and the world. MANAGING CONFLICT IN GROUPS If you are assigned to write an essay on any type of diversity this sample essay will be useful to read and determine the main issues to focus on. If you have no time to write on your own feel free to contact our professional writers and place an order.

Butternut

How to Collect Seeds and Plant Walnut / Butternut Now is the time to collect walnut and butternut seeds for planting this fall if you know how to identify them. Remember, after harvesting seeds, keep them moist for the entire time you store them - never let them dry out! They can also be planted the following spring. Husk or No Husk In theory, you can plant the seed with the husk. That is what nature does and seems to work okay. Still, you would be better served if you prepare the seed and husk or completely remove the hull. You can pour boiling water over the husks and let them soak overnight. Plant the soaked hull and seed the next day. Hulling Removing the husk increases the germination rate of walnut and butternut seeds but can become a big job if you have a large volume. There are mechanical hullers you can rent or purchase. The best way to de-hull small seed batches is to refrigerate in plastic bags for two or three weeks and until the husk turns black. The hull will wash off with a water hose under high pressure. Extended storage can drop the germination percentage if not done correctly so try to plant the seeds this fall (preferably the day after hulling). Preparing Seeds Most experts agree that the seeds will do just fine without scarification. Some say that the natural temperature cycle through the winter gives the seed the cold it needs but others recommend refrigeration for 3 months and planting in the spring (stratification). Planting Plant the nuts in an open area at a depth of one to two times their thickness. Mulching will help as you do not want the seed to freeze. Chicken wire over the planted seeds will deter digging rodents.

Reflective Learning - Knowledge Management Term Paper

Reflective Learning - Knowledge Management - Term Paper Example The researcher states that the course of knowledge management now generates interest in him and appeared to be very helpful. It is not surprising because in our contemporary changing world knowledge management represents an innovation thus the researcher considers such course to be very valuable. Adaptation of new knowledge management solutions is a very good opportunity for many organizations. The process of learning was encouraging from the very beginning. Some information was easy to understand and other caused problems and required more efforts. However, the instructor explained the material and helped overcome the difficulties. For a great number of organizations employee turnover causes serious expenses. The researcher studied a lot about employee turnover to find out more about this phenomenon in order to find the solution. The researcher analyzed great number of factors, which in their turn may arise both from employees and their bosses. Compensations, organization’s s uccess and performance are crucial determinants of employee turnover rate. It is then concluded that knowledge management is very important first of all for human resource management of the organization as it offers self-service. An employee receives an access to his personal data, to his personal plans and itinerary and human resource managers have more time to plan training schedule and implement other more important tasks instead of looking for the material to answer the questions employees have to them every day.

Changes needed to Palliative care today Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Changes needed to Palliative care today - Thesis Example She recommended that the palliative care component and appropriate standards be included in the needs assessment and in the contracts for hospitals and community services. According to Morrow (2009) the aim of palliative care is to improve the quality of the life of patients and their families who faces a life-threatening illness. Its focus is to alleviate them through prevention and the treatment of suffering. Palliative care involves the self (physical, emotional, spiritual) of the patient as well as their families. This care provides relief from pain and other symptoms related to the illness (fatigue, nausea, shortness of breath, loss of appetite). The aim is to prevent and relieve these symptoms so that the patient may continue with his or her daily life. Hospice care is one form of palliative care. The palliative care may be offered at any given time of an illness with curative therapies which are meant to prolong life versus hospice care, designed for patients that have a terminal illness and the life expectancy is of six months or less (Morrow, 2009). The palliative team is composed of doctors treating different conditions (diabetes, heart diseases, kidney disease). The palliative care doctor will generally orchestrate the care between several specialists to create a perfect harmony. The palliative care team may include: Palliative care physicians; specialists or general practitioners; nurses; nursing assistants or home health aides; social workers; chaplains; physical, occupational, and speech therapists. This team may assist in the health care choices that may be right for the patients (Morrow, 2009). The palliative care may be given in hospitals (chemotherapy, radiation) or at home. The subacute team is similar in its composition, except that they include: in-house medical staff, registered nurses and certified nurse aides, dietary, therapeutic recreation specialist, and an

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different Research Paper

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different markets , however there are some arguments that the gulf a - Research Paper Example Therefore, the overall coursework of the research incorporates a qualitative research approach through analyzing different scholarly based articles, peer-reviewed journals and governmental reports in order to evidently justify the impact of financial crisis in Qatar and other GCC countries. The findings of the research identifies that the financial performance of Qatar and other GCC countries were significantly affected. The real estate and construction industries belonging to most of the GCC countries were highly affected by the US financial recession 2007-2009. However, the conventional investment system along with the lower exposure to sub-prime assets has helped the GCC nations to avert financial risks from the crisis. Table of Contents Abstract 2 2 1. Introduction-Background 4 2. Literature Review 4 3. Research Objectives and Research Questions 7 4. Research Design 9 5. Data Collection and Analysis 10 5.1 Data Collection 10 5.2 Analysis 10 6. Ethical Consideration 11 7. Analysis 12 8. Conclusion 15 References 16 1. Introduction-Background The invasion of the last financial crisis 2007-2009 has been ever considered to impose considerable impact on the economic conditions of global nations. The crisis that took during the period 2007 to 2009 had considerably affected the global economy and made dramatic changes to the financial conditions throughout diverse regions of the globe. The global financial turmoil had radically impacted most numbers of the developed countries across different regions of the world. During the financial turmoil period, the countries associated within Golf Council Corporation (GCC) have also been experienced to get affected in terms of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate along with annual consumer inflation rate (Nanto & et.al, 2008). With reference to the major consequences that experienced by the GCC nations, the research report tends to critically assess the major factors affecting the financial condition and analyze thei r radical implications that devastated the economic position of the GCC countries. The report also tends to conduct literature analysis through highlighting major economic theories, historical influences and assumptions relating to the invasion of the economic crisis during the period 2007 to 2009. 2. Literature Review In relation to determine the severe impact of the last financial crisis 2007-2009, numerous researches and analyses have been made concerning the identification and assessing the consequences of the influencing factors that led towards the last financial crisis 2007-2009. Various literatures depict number of issues that significantly define the root cause of financial crisis along with their potential implications that further led the GCC countries to experience radical changes in their respective economic conditions. Therefore, the literature review section would be incorporated with analyzing various scholarly based articles, reports and internet related sources alo ng with their findings in order to evaluate the major impact of financial crisis on the GCC regions. According to the observation of Cozzi (2009), the aspects including low household saving rates along

English paper . Williams in the american grain Essay

English paper . Williams in the american grain - Essay Example The American dominance over the world, prevalent still, can be traced backed to this psyche of these heroes. But De Soto also had the added advantage of being very tactical. He was able to convince the native tribes that he was of divine origin and thus posed before them as a formidable god. When we study the period of De Soto, thus the power of negotiation can be seen slowly gaining ground at par with the power of weapons and riches. Survivalism was the ideology that unknowingly led all the conquistadors win their battles without bothering about hurting others. This kind of survivalism still runs deep in the blood of Americans. As described in the introduction to the book by Horace Grigory (p.17 of Introduction, Williams) the American tradition is characterized by the â€Å"impulse to make all things new, to build new cities†¦ to abandon projects with the scaffolding in the air,†¦(and)†¦to move onward to another El Dorado.† De Soto’s adventures also fit into this profile. The ability to endure and then rise from one’s own ashes like a phoenix are also some other attributes of these earlier Americans and the modern ones. Thus the collective American personality was built through the lives of these heroes and villains of history and has its roots in the mental fabric of these early founders and explorers. One criticism that arises in one’s mind after reading of â€Å"In the American Grain† is that whatever the author makes out as the â€Å"American grain†, can also be equally and logically attributed to the whole of humanity. The instinct to find new worlds, to create new things and the ‘El Dorado’ mindset are convincingly universal rather than American. William has contented that â€Å"there is a source in AMERICA for everything we think or do; that morals affect the food and food the bone, and that, in fine we have no conception at all of what is meant by moral, since

Case Study on Employee Relations Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

On Employee Relations - Case Study Example Having employed over 100 employees and with a possibility of future expansion, the business owner has decided that he would want to engage his employees more in the running of the company using the employee relations techniques. This is aimed at ensuring that employees perform at their most efficient optimal levels. This report is thus aimed at focusing on the various issues that ensure employee relations is handled well in solving conflicts once they arise and to avoid disputes from degenerating into serious matters in the future (Armstrong, 2006:167). These enterprises have employees of not more than 250 ,while small enterprise have less than fifty employees the medium sized enterprise have not more than 250 employees. The Small and medium Enterprises have played a very big role in the growth and stability of the economy as it consists of over 90% of all operating firms and they contribute to the creation of employment for over 65 million people. They have contributed to over 40% of the Gros Domestic product (GDP) in the United Kingdom and at the same time they have led to the growth of economies, increase in competition and innovation for the firms (Armstrong, 2006:167). Benefits employee relations Employee relations ensures that all stakeholders in the business are involved in the decision making process. This is because it entails involving all the parties together by building team work, cohesiveness and solving problems together. Employee relation is also important in reducing conflicts within the organization. All organizations have different people from different religion, age groups, and races and therefore differences are bound to arise and to be able to reduce these problems employee relations is important. The business owners are seeking for new ways that they can win the confidence and commitment of employees and also ensure that employees are satisfied with their jobs. They also seek to motivate the employees, reduce the rate of absenteeism, reduce the rate of labor turnover and eventually gain a competitive edge over their competitors. A more participatory management style would make the business achieve all these issues (Gennard and Judge, 2005:302). The issues for employee relations in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMES) The small and medium sized enterprises are faced with many issues such as lack of harmonization, tension between control and consent, loose structures of governance together with lack of professionalism in the human resources processes. Most of these firms do not have clear guidelines as to what is expected of employees. Thus we find that most employees will do what they think is right as there are no proper procedures to be followed (Murphy, 2002:10) . Constraints for SME The economic meltdown is a major concern for the SMEs today and the effects of this recession has led to the businesses adopting cost cutting strategies in areas of human resource training, practices and the development policies. The banks have also affected the operations of these businesses as they charge very high

English paper . Williams in the american grain Essay

English paper . Williams in the american grain - Essay Example The American dominance over the world, prevalent still, can be traced backed to this psyche of these heroes. But De Soto also had the added advantage of being very tactical. He was able to convince the native tribes that he was of divine origin and thus posed before them as a formidable god. When we study the period of De Soto, thus the power of negotiation can be seen slowly gaining ground at par with the power of weapons and riches. Survivalism was the ideology that unknowingly led all the conquistadors win their battles without bothering about hurting others. This kind of survivalism still runs deep in the blood of Americans. As described in the introduction to the book by Horace Grigory (p.17 of Introduction, Williams) the American tradition is characterized by the â€Å"impulse to make all things new, to build new cities†¦ to abandon projects with the scaffolding in the air,†¦(and)†¦to move onward to another El Dorado.† De Soto’s adventures also fit into this profile. The ability to endure and then rise from one’s own ashes like a phoenix are also some other attributes of these earlier Americans and the modern ones. Thus the collective American personality was built through the lives of these heroes and villains of history and has its roots in the mental fabric of these early founders and explorers. One criticism that arises in one’s mind after reading of â€Å"In the American Grain† is that whatever the author makes out as the â€Å"American grain†, can also be equally and logically attributed to the whole of humanity. The instinct to find new worlds, to create new things and the ‘El Dorado’ mindset are convincingly universal rather than American. William has contented that â€Å"there is a source in AMERICA for everything we think or do; that morals affect the food and food the bone, and that, in fine we have no conception at all of what is meant by moral, since

Human Resource Issues - evaluate the scenarios provided Essay

Human Resource Issues - evaluate the scenarios provided - Essay Example Organizations which employ multidisciplinary team approach thrive well in the turbulent business environment because it guarantees quality service delivery. The desire by the firm’s administrator to embrace multidisciplinary team approach is appropriate because it ensures that the organization meet the varied and complex needs of the patients. In order to achieve this, the firm should pursue innovative research, which is relayed to the patient care technicians through in-house training. It is critical for the firm to employ interactive methods of training (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2012). According to Buchbinder and Shanks (2012), accurate and precise job descriptions are paramount for an organization personnel management. In order to realize this, an organization must undertake job analysis. In this scenario, the decision by the administrator to pursue job analysis is crucial. To realize effective results of job analysis, the administrator should undertake research on other job description resources, request existing employees to write their job duties, review the organization’s documents and interview individuals who occupy related positions in the organizations. The firm can attract new clients by offering health care services that are outstanding in the market. Therefore, the plans by the ambulatory care clinic to acquire new diagnostic imaging equipment shows firm’s commitment to quality service delivery. However, the acquisition of this equipment has far-reaching implications on human resource management. As such, it is important for the firm to consider availability of the right expertise to use the technology and the economic effects on the organization. The organization must also factor its business strategy when making the decision to acquire the equipment (Buchbinder & Shanks,

Tonight I Can Write Essay Example for Free

Tonight I Can Write Essay The theme of distance is introduced in the opening line. When the speaker informs the reader, â€Å"Tonight I can write the saddest lines,† he suggests that he could not previously. We later learn that his overwhelming sorrow over a lost lover has prevented him from writing about their relationship and its demise. The speaker’s constant juxtaposition of past and present illustrate his inability to come to terms with his present isolated state. Neruda’s language here, as in the rest of the poem, is simple and to the point, suggesting the sincerity of the speaker’s emotions. The sense of distance is again addressed in the second and third lines as he notes the stars shivering â€Å"in the distance. † These lines also contain images of nature, which will become a central link to his memories and to his present state. The speaker contemplates the natural world, focusing on those aspects of it that remind him of his lost love and the cosmic nature of their relationship. He begins writing at night, a time when darkness will match his mood. The night sky filled with stars offers him no comfort since they â€Å"are blue and shiver. Their distance from him reinforces the fact that he is alone. However, he can appreciate the night wind that â€Å"sings† as his verses will, describing the woman he loved. Lines 5–10: Neruda repeats the first line in the fifth and follows it with a declaration of the speaker’s love for an unnamed woman. The staggered repetitions Neruda employs throughout the poem provide thematic unity. The speaker intr oduces the first detail of their relationship and points to a possible reason for its demise when he admits â€Å"sometimes she loved me too. He then reminisces about being with her in â€Å"nights like this one. † The juxtaposition of nights from the past with this night reveals Lines 11–14: In line eleven Neruda again repeats his opening line, which becomes a plaintive refrain. The repetition of that line shows how the speaker is struggling to maintain distance, to convince himself that enough time has passed for him to have the strength to think about his lost love. But these lines are â€Å"the saddest. † He cannot yet escape the pain of remembering. It becomes almost unbearable â€Å"to think that I do not have her. To feel that I have lost her. † His loneliness is reinforced by â€Å"the immense night, still more immense without her. † Yet the poetry that he creates helps replenish his soul, â€Å"like dew to the pasture. † Lines 15–18: In line fifteen the speaker refuses to analyze their relationship. What is important to him is that â€Å"the night is starry and she is not with me† as she used to be on similar starry nights. â€Å"This is all† that is now central to him. When the speaker hears someone singing in the distance and repeats â€Å"in the distance,† he reinforces the fact that he is alone. No one is singing to him. As a result, he admits â€Å"my soul is not satisfied. † Lines 19–26: In these lines the speaker expresses his longing to reunite with his love. His sight and his heart try to find her, but he notes, â€Å"she is not with me. † He again remembers that this night is so similar to the ones they shared together. Yet he understands that they â€Å"are no longer the same. † He declares that he no longer loves her, â€Å"that’s certain,† in an effort to relieve his pain, and admits he loved her greatly in the past. Again linking their relationship to nature, he explains that he had â€Å"tried to find the wind to touch her hearing† but failed. Now he must face the fact that â€Å"she will be another’s. † He remembers her â€Å"bright† body that he knows will be touched by another and her â€Å"infinite eyes† that will look upon a new lover. Lines 27–32: The speaker reiterates, â€Å"I no longer love her, that’s certain,† but immediately contradicts himself, uncovering his efforts at self deception when he admits, â€Å"but maybe I love her. With a worldweary tone of resignation, he concludes, â€Å"love is so short, forgetting is so long. † His poem has become a painful exercise in forgetting. In line twenty-nine he explains that because this night is so similar to the nights in his memory when he held her in his arms, he cannot forget. Thus he repeats, â€Å"my soul is not satisfied. † In the final two lines, however, the s peaker is determined to erase the memory of her and so ease his pain, insisting that his verses (this poem) will be â€Å"the last verses that I write for her. †

Alien Hand Syndrome: Causes and Effects

Alien Hand Syndrome: Causes and Effects Nia Helyar What is Alien Hand Syndrome and why does it occur? Discuss in relation to one or more case studies. Alien hand syndrome is an intermittent involuntary disorder whereby the hand acts of its ‘own free will’. However, alien hand syndrome is not consistently or precisely defined. Alien hand syndrome describes complex, goal-directed activity in one hand that is not voluntarily initiated by the individual but is well executed (Mark, 2007). This syndrome is an extremely puzzling phenomenon experienced by brain-damaged patients whereby their limb performs purposeful actions without the intention of the patient (Biran, et al., 2006). The patient is unable to explain the exact source of movement from the hand and may actually consider the hand to have a mind of its own (Mark, 2007). It is caused by lesions to the frontal lobes and corpus callosum (Banks et al., 1989) and generally follows acute focal cerebral injury. The most common causes are cerebral hemispheric stroke, severe brain damage or damage to the corpus callosum such as in surgery, which is used to treat severe epilepsy. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres, therefore surgery to this area of the brain can lead there to be less or no communication between the hemispheres which can lead to limbs acting of their own accord. Alien hand syndrome can also be seen in patients who suffer from a variety of degenerative, dementing cerebral disorders such as Alzheimer’s (Mark, 2007). Due to the numerous different causes of alien hand syndrome there are many variations of the condition. Therefore, it has been that alien hand syndrome is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of symptoms (Chokar et al., 2014). There have been reports of patients who were unable to stop their alien hand from grabbing and seizing nearby objects without any willing from their body (Kumral, 2001). This can be seen by the study of patient JC, a 56 year old man who had suffered from a left hemispheric stroke, with damage extending to the corpus callosum. Four weeks after his stroke he complained of peculiar uncontrolled movements of his hand. His hand would do things â€Å"as though it has a mind of its own† such as playing with light switches, grasping and holding things. In many situations the patient found themselves in the situation where the right hand opposed the left hand without the patient choosing to do so. Furthermore, the alien hand caused the patient difficulty in eating because of the opposing behaviour of the right and left hand (Biran, Giovannetti, Buxbaum, Chatterjee 2006). Often, a patient has to use their other willing hand to prise open their fingers and release the object which the alien hand has grasped (Kumral, 2001). Patients observe and experience their own limbs carrying out purposeful behaviours over which they have no or very little control. In one case it was noted that a patient had picked up a pencil and begun scribbling with the right hand. She indicated she had not initiated the action with the right arm, she experienced a feeling of dissociation from the actions of the right arm, stating that `it will not do what I want it to do’ (Goldberg et al.1981). This alien limb may disrupt movements of the other limb that is actually responding to the intentions of the patient (Akelaitis, 1944-45). Patients can experience their limbs acting without being guided by their own will (Bogen, 1993, fisher, 2000). Bogen, J. E. (1993) found his alien hand undoing the buttons of his shirt even as his â€Å"healthy† limb tried to button the shirt. The errant limb is known to not even rest during sleep in some cases and patients with alien hand syndrome have woken up to find their alien limbs choking them (Banks et al, 1989). In one case the patient’s `left hand would tenaciously grope for and grasp any nearby object, pick and pull at her clothes, and even grasp her throat during sleep . . . . She slept with the arm tied to prevent nocturnal misbehaviour.’ However, she never denied that her hand belonged to her (Banks et al. 1989). This is an important part of this syndrome; that the patient does not deny responsibility for the han d or the behaviour that it carries out. Two types of behaviour are displayed with this syndrome, repetitive involuntary grasping and unilateral goal-directed limb behaviour. Patients clearly recognize that there is a discrepancy between what the hand is doing and their desired actions. The patients are upset by the actions of the hand and will often try to prevent it from moving by grasping it firmly with the other hand (Frith, 2000). MP was a patient who had an operation to repair a ruptured aneurysm of the anterior communication artery. Within two years she was unable to live independently with her family due to the way in which the alien hand syndrome was affecting her life (Sala, 1998). An alien hand sufferer can feel normal sensation in the hand, but believes that the hand, while still part of their body, behaves in a manner that is totally distinct from them. They feel that they have no control over the movements of their alien hand but that, instead, the hand has the capability of acting independent of their conscious control. Alien hands can perform complex acts such as removing clothing which can be seen from examples above. Sometimes the sufferer will not be aware of what the hand is doing until it is brought to his or her attention. Patients frequently report astonishment and frustration at these errant limbs. Overall, alien hand syndrome is difficult to explain as there are many different causes and symptoms that can be described as this condition. However, one symptom that is apparent throughout the many case studies is that the alien hand acts against the willing of the patient. The condition is extremely complex and even though many causes are symptoms are known there is still a lot to learn about it. Further research is therefore required. Word Count: 987 References Akelaitis, A. (1944–1945). Studies on the corpus callosum. IV. Diagonistic dyspraxia in epileptics following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 594–599. Biran, I., Giovannetti, T., Buxbaum, L., Chatterjee, A. (2006). The alien hand syndrome: What makes the alien hand alien?.Cognitive Neuropsychology,23(4), 563-582. Chokar, G., Cerase, A., Gough, A., Hasan, S., Scullion, D., El-Sayeh, H., Buccoliero, R. (2014). A case of Parry–Romberg syndrome and alien hand.Journal of the neurological sciences,341(1), 153-157. Farrage, A. D. Alien hand syndrome. http://the-medical-dictionary.com/alien_hand_syndrome_article_5.htm Fisher, C. M. (2000). Alien hand phenomena: A review with the addition of six personal cases. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 27, 192–203. Frith, C. D., Wolpert, D. M. (2000). Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,355(1404), 1771-1788. Goldberg, G., Mayer, N. H. Toglia, J. U. 1981 Medial frontal cortex and the alien hand sign. Arch. Neurol. 38, 683-686. Kumral, E. (2001). Compulsive grasping hand syndrome: A variant of anarchic hand. Neurology, 57, 2143–2144. Mark, V. W. (2007). Alien hand syndrome. InMedLink neurology(pp. 418-421). MedLink Corporation San Diego. Parkin, A. J. (1996). The alien hand.Methods in madness: case studies in cognitive neuropsychiatry, 173-183. Sala, C. M. S. D. (1998). Disentangling the alien and anarchic hand.Cognitive neuropsychiatry,3(3), 191-207. 1

Shakespeares Sonnets :: Sonnet essays

Shakespeare's Sonnets      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's sonnets, as poems, have been obscured by the enormous amount of speculation, much of it unjustified, that has grown up around the problems presented by the dedication.   The following sonnet is commonly grouped with 125 others that are believed to have been written to a much admired young man, who was Shakespeare's junior in both years and social status.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The form in which the poem is written is often referred to as Shakespearean or English form.   As in most of Shakespeare's sonnets the argument proceeds by quatrains.   Each quatrain presents an idea in itself.   The poet in the first quatrain bewails his own lot; in the second contrasts that lot with other men's; in the third, thinking of his beloved friend, he rises like the lark that â€Å"sings hymns at heaven's gate†; and in the couplet his happiness is generalized in a final contrast.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first line the poet speaks of himself as being out of luck, and/or money and not well received by his fellow man.   He has taken to crying about his social ostracism in line two.   In an attempt to clarify for himself why he is in such a state he â€Å" troubles† heaven with his â€Å"bootless† or useless cries.   But as the poet has made clear heaven turns a deaf ear and no response is forthcoming.   Again he becomes introspective and curses his fate.   This first quatrain has given us an image of a grown man â€Å"down and out† if you will, who is accepting no responsibility for his life's station.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the second quatrain the poet has taken to wishing he were more hopeful. He wants to be more popular with his peers and he desires the literary skill, â€Å" art†, and intellectual prowess, â€Å"scope†, of other men.   It is almost humorous to think that Shakespeare, at one time, wished to be a better writer.  Ã‚   Even that which most delights the poet no longer stays the pain he is feeling.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All is not lost, however.   The third quatrain offers our poet hope.   He is almost   to the point of despising himself when suddenly salvation finds him.   By some chance he thinks of his love (be that love male or female we know not). These thoughts overwhelm him with joy.   His whole mood becomes â€Å"like the lark at break of day†.   In short, he is uplifted.   To show just how happy the poet has become he gives us a final contrast in the closing couplet.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For thy sweet love rememb'red such wealth brings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That then I scorn to change my state with kings.

Milan Kundera’s The Unbearable Lightness of Being Essay

In Milan Kundera’s novel, The Unbearable Lightness of Being, the author uses plenty of literary elements to tie together his points in an effort to help readers understand the basic premise behind the work. Though there are plenty of literary themes that can be found throughout the work, the most important ones are the themes that Kundera uses, as well as the characters in the novel. By creatively using these things in his work, Kundera helps explain what might have otherwise been a fairly complex ideal. In addition, the author is able to tie these things together to create a measure of clarity for readers as they progress through the work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theme is used in the novel to get across the basic ideas that the author is set on impressing into the reader. Since the novel relies mostly on ambiguous ideas to get across hard to find points, the utilization of different themes are critically important to the development of the story. As one might expect from the title of the work, Kundera uses lightness and the idea of weight as one of the primary themes throughout the book. Even in the title, one can see the dichotomy that exists. Lightness in itself is not something that should be too heavy to bear. Yet, the author is able to masterfully intertwine these two ideas to convey the point of his story. Through the entire work, the characters of the book are searching hard within themselves to find a solution to the primary question presented in the title. Their search for the important things in life is done in order to both find meaning and relieve themselves of some of the heaviness that their being light creates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important theme that the author uses is politics. Though the characters carry on with their lives throughout the work, they are constantly linked to both each other and to their collective pasts by their underlying political beliefs. A good example of this can be found on page 123 of the novel, when Sabina receives word that the political situation in Prague has cost Tomas and Tereza their lives. The book reads, â€Å"She could not get over the news. The link to her past had been broken† (123). English expert Jay Braiman describes a literary theme as, â€Å"The main idea or message conveyed by the piece† (Braiman). It is clear in the story that the author uses both politics and the idea of weight as the main idea in the work. The desire to escape from the weight of life was something that drove each of the characters, while politics served as a main idea in trying all of the characters together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Characters were the second literary element used by the author to create the work. Not only do the characters power the action, but they shed a little bit of light into the what the other characters were thinking. Simply having characters is not enough to establish something as an important literary element. As the author clearly understood, the characters must be used in the most efficient, useless way possible in order to help push the idea of the story forward. The characters in this novel are not just there for an arbitrary reason. Instead, they play an active role in the story in establishing the primary aspects of plot development. A Eugene Knight book review of the work talks to the importance of the characters by saying, â€Å"The very fact that they stay together and seem to find some degree of happiness illustrates that an acceptance of a relationship that falls well short of satisfying and fulfilling hopes, is possible† (Knight). One can easily see that the author used the literary element of characters to tie in the many themes that he utilized and help the reader understand the underlying conflict in Czechoslovakia at the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overall, the book is a commentary on the reasons why people need people so much. This is a complex idea to establish, especially when one considers the fact that it is set against such a tough background. Kundera established his excellent work on the basis that his characters would do the talking for him. Instead of having to explain things to readers to get them to buy in to the main point of the book, he had characters live out their real life experiences to get across the points. Even more importantly than that, he was able to bring the characters closer to the themes that were so important to the author in this book. No one literary theme overtook the book or overpowered it. They all worked together in a sanctimonious harmony that not only told a story, but helped the reader interpret the story. The idea that a person who is too light could not bear that weight is a ridiculous one at first, but as the reader further understands the things that the characters are going through, they can begin to see how such a dichotomy can become quite a conundrum. Works Cited Braiman, Jay. Literary Devices. 2007. < http://mrbraiman.home.att.net/lit.htm> Knight, Eugene. The Unbearable Lightness of Being, Review. < http://bookreviews.nabou.com/reviews/unbearable_lightness_kundera.html> Kundera, Milan. The Unbearable Lightness of Being. 4 May 2004. HarperCollins Publishing. Raudino, Guiseppe. Socialism and Arts. August 2007.

Hamlet Essay

Act 1- Scene 1 The first entrance of the ghost is made impressive because Marcellus and Bernardo only told Horatio about them seeing the ghost in the two nights before during their watch. Horatio did not believe them â€Å"Horatio says ‘tis but our fantasy and will not let belief take hold of him touching this sight twice seen of us;† (1.1.23-25) What makes the siting of the ghost so important is that the two guard believe it to be the ghost of the dead King Hamlet. When the ghost appears and Horatio asks it to speak the ghost suddenly disappears. In its second exit the ghost returns and again they ask it to speak but as it spreads its arms the cockcrows and the ghost disappears yet again not saying anything. A superstition that is connected with the ghost is that the guards believe that it is the ghost of the dead King that is trying to warn them of some impending misfortune for Denmark. Act 1 – Scene 2 The new King Claudius attempts to justify his marriage to the Queen by giving a speech to his courtiers, explaining his recent marriage to Queen, his brother’s widow and the mother of Prince Hamlet. Claudius says that he mourns his brother but has chosen to balance Denmark’s mourning with the delight of his marriage. â€Å"With mirth in funeral, and dirge in marriage, in equal scale weighing delight and dole, taken to wife.† (1.2.12-14) In his soliloquy Hamlet expresses that he wishes he could die. He wishes that God had not made suicide a sin. He is also thinking about how it is possible for his mother to have move on after two short month that his father has been gone. When the line â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman† (1.3.146) is spoken he is referring of his mother because just two months ago his father and her husband died and now she has just moved on to his fathers brother because she is weak and will not make it on her own or w ithout a husband and he finds that shaming. Act 1- Scene 3 1.Laertes believes that Hamlets relationship with Ophelia is not true, because someone of his ranking can not love someone like Ophelia because he is too far above her to love her honourably. Since Hamlet is not only responsible for his feelings but also the role that he will one day play as King Laertes believe that it will be impossible for Hamlet to ever marry Ophelia. Before he leaves he tell her to make sure she does not fall in love with him. â€Å"Fear it, Ophelia, fear it, my dear sister, and keep you in the rear of your affections, out of the shot and danger of desire† (1.3.33-35) 2.Polonius has the same opinion of Laertes, and forbids Ophelia to associate with Hamlet anymore. He tells her that Hamlet has deceived her in swearing his love, and that she should see through his false vows â€Å"Affection pooh! You speak like a green girl, unsifted in such perilous circumstances. Do you believe his tenders, as you call them?† (1.3.101-03) Act 1- Scene 4 †¢Horatio, Marcellus, and Hamlet are keeping watch outside the class, while Hamlet tells the two men that the King has been spending his night drinking alcohol and how he believe that he is tarnishing the Danish people. †¢The ghost appears and calls out to Hamlet to follow him. †¢Even though Horatio and Marcellus tell him not to go and consider that the ghost could harm him Hamlet decides to follow the ghost anyways †¢Hamlet does not care if his life is in danger and follow the ghost off into the darkness †¢Horatio believes that Hamlet is now in the hands of God but Marcellus thinks that they should follow Hamlet and try to protect him, so the two set off after Hamlet and the ghost Act 1- Scene 5 In this scene King Hamlet reveals to his son that his death was cause by foul play and it was a murder. â€Å"Murder most foul, as in the best it is, but this most foul, strange and unnatural.† (1.5.27-28) The King then tells Hamlet that is was his very own brother that killed him. Now Hamlet, hear. Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, a serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark is by a forged process of my death rankly abused. But know, thou noble youth, the serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown. (1.5.34-39 The ghost of the King tells Hamlet to â€Å"leave her to heaven† (1.5.86) which means he does not want Hamlet to do anything to his mother because the King realizes that she has been tainted by Claudius.

Apes Miller Ch. 1 Questions

Miller Chapter 1 Reading Questions 1. Three ways that human activities are affecting the environment include our exponential increase in population and our resource consumption, which have degraded the air, water, soil, and species in the natural systems that support our lives and economies. A third way is limiting the access that other species have to resources. 2. The goals of environmental science are to learn how nature works, how the environment affects us, how we affect the environment, and how we can live more sustainably without degrading our life-support system. 3.Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting the earth’s life-support systems for us and other species, and is political in nature. Sustainability, also known as durability, is the ability of earth’s various systems to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely. 4. The five steps towards sustainability are understanding the components and importance of natural capital, recognizing that human activities degrade natural capital by using resources faster than they can be renewed, looking for workable solutions, making trade-offs or compromises, and recognizing that individuals matter.They must be supported by sound science, or the concepts and ideas that are widely accepted by experts in a particular field of the natural or social sciences. 5. Natural capital is the natural resources and services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies. It changes over millions of years in response to environmental changes such as global warming and cooling and huge asteroids hitting the earth. 6. Economic growth is an increase in the capacity of a country to provide people with goods and services.It’s measured by GDP, the annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and domestic, operating in a country. It goes up with either a population increase, more production and consumpti on, or both. Changes in this growth are measured by per capita GDP, or the GDP divided by the total population at midyear. Economic development is the improvement of human living standards by economic growth. The United Nations classifies this based on a country’s degree of industrialization and their per capita GDP. 7. Developed countries are highly industrialized and have high average per capita GDP.All other nations are developing countries, whether they are middle-income or low-income. Developing countries tend to have the greatest population increases, as well as the greatest disparities between the rich and the poor as far as income goes. 8. 82% of the world’s population comes from developing countries. 9. 1. 5% of the world’s population growth comes from developing countries, as compared to merely 0. 1% in developed countries. 10. The rule of 70 calculates how long it takes to double the world’s population or economic growth at various exponential rates of growth. The formula is 70/percentage growth rate = doubling time in years. 1. The tragedy of the commons is the degradation of renewable free-access resources. The term was coined in 1968 by biologist Garrett Hardin. Basically, the logic is that â€Å"if I don’t use it, somebody else will anyway†. On a large scale, this only leads to waste and overconsumption. 12. One solution to the tragedy of the commons is to use free-access resources at rates well below their estimated sustainable yields by reducing population, regulating access to resources, or both. Another solution is to convert free-access resources to private ownership, so investments are protected. 3. Privatization doesn’t always work if a private owner values increasing profit over protecting natural resources that they own. It is also impractical for global common resources that cannot be divided up and converted to private property. 14. An ecological footprint is the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply an area with resources and to absorb the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use. The countries with the largest ecological footprint are the United States, the European Union, China, India, and Japan. 5. To shift towards more sustainable consumption, China and India should lower meat consumption (specifically China), limit population growth (including increased access to birth control), and promote and fund research into sustainable living. The United States, Japan, and the European Union should also promote and fund research into sustainable living, as well as lowering oil consumption by supporting alternative energy and promoting a less consumer-centric lifestyle to their citizens. 16. Point sources of pollutants are single, identifiable sources.An example is a smokestack of a coal-burning industrial plant. Non-point sources are larger, dispersed, and often difficult to identify and therefore much harder and more expensive to control. An example is pesticides sprayed into the air or blown by the wind into the atmosphere. 17. Two basic approaches to dealing with pollution are pollution prevention (input pollution control), which reduces or eliminates the production of pollution, and pollution cleanup (output pollution control), which involves cleaning up or diluting pollutants after they have been produced. 18.Three problems with relying on pollution cleanup are that it is only a temporary bandage as long as population and consumption levels grow without corresponding improvements in pollution control technology, cleanup often removes a pollutant from one part of the environment only to cause pollution in another, and once pollutants have entered and been dispersed into the environment at harmful levels it usually costs too much or is impossible to reduce them to acceptable levels. 19. Five basic causes of environmental problems are population growth, wasteful resource use, poverty, poor environmental acc ounting, and environmental ignorance. 0. Poverty causes environmental problems because the poor often deplete forests, soils, grasslands, and wildlife for short-term survival since they don’t have the luxury of worrying about the long-term environment. They also have the most population growth. 21. Affluenza is the unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism exhibited in the lifestyles of many affluent consumers in developed countries and the rising middle class in certain developing countries. It is based on the assumption that buying more things brings happiness. 22.In the United States, the air is cleaner, most rivers and lakes are cleaner, and drinking water is purer. However, this is because the waste and pollution is transferred to more distant locations. 23. The environmental impact (I) of a population on a given area depends on three key factors: the number of people (P), the average resource use per person or affluence (A), and the beneficial and harmf ul environmental effects of the technologies (T) used to provide and consume each unit of a resource and control or prevent the resulting pollution and environmental degradation. 4. Three major cultural changes have impacted the environment. The agricultural revolution allowed people to settle in villages and raise crops and domesticated animals. The industrial-medical revolution led to a shift towards urban society using fossil fuels to manufacture material items, agriculture, and transportation. It also used science to improve sanitation and understand and control disease. The information-globalization revolution is based on using new technologies for gaining rapid access to much more information on a global scale. 5. To shift to a sustainable economy, we must shift to a renewable energy-based and reuse/recycle economy with a diversified transport system. This requires restructuring the global economy to sustain civilization, a large effort to eradicate poverty, stabilize populati on, and restore hope, as well as a systematic effort to restore natural systems. 26. Your environmental worldview is a set of assumptions and values about how you think the world works and what your role in the world should be.Environmental ethics is concerned with your beliefs about what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment. 27. There are three main types of environmental worldviews. Planetary management worldview holds that nature exists to meet our needs and wants, and that we can use ingenuity and technology to manage the earth’s life-support systems with unlimited economic growth. Stewardship worldview holds that we can manage the earth for our benefit but we have an ethical responsibility to be caring and responsible managers, or stewards, of the earth.Environmental wisdom worldview holds that we are part of and totally dependent on nature and that nature exists for all species. It calls for encouraging earth-sustaining forms of economic growth. 28. Four basic components of Earth’s nature that we can mimic are reliance on solar energy, biodiversity, population control, and nutrient recycling. 29. Current emphasis needs to be shifted to how the individual matters, working together and communicating for social change, and finding trade-off solutions to environmental problems, in order to achieve sustainable emphasis.

Differentiated Instruction Teaching Learners with Varying Abilities Research Paper

Differentiated Instruction Teaching Learners with Varying Abilities - Research Paper Example Teachers who adopt differentiated instruction often give children choices. They are flexible in the way they deliver content and exhibit creativity within the classroom. Availability of choice is only possible through an understanding of the knowledge that is needed to complete tasks. The educator must combine this knowledge with the children’s ability to develop and process skills and concepts. Catering to the needs of students with divergent abilities is at the heart of this teaching strategy. Historical summary of literature Differentiated instruction is nothing new in teaching circles. It has been in practice from as far back as the 1970s. However, at the time, educators that implemented the model had not identified a universal name for it. They were simply catering to the needs of their students. Therefore, the literature on the subject during this decade mostly focuses on the learning theories that support differentiated instruction. Some educational theorists wrote a lo t about the need for differentiated instruction. One such individual was Lev Vygotsky, who established the zone of proximal development theory (Logan, 2012). It was his work that formed some of the theoretical foundations of this teaching practice today. Vygotsky, in 1978, states that every learner has a zone of proximal development. At this level, the child will experience learning in a manner that is challenging but not too difficult for the child. An educator who meets the child at their zone of proximal development will promote teaching in the most effective way. They will provide instruction in a context that matches the readiness level of the child. Writers in the subsequent decade also examined the plausibility of differentiated instruction. Some looked at its effects while others counterbalanced this with a number of arguments. In 1987, Slavin highlighted the dangers of grouping students according to their ability. He studied analyses done in various schools and found that r egrouping of math students led to poorer achievement in schools that maintained the practice. The debate over differentiated teaching was just picking up momentum in the 1980s. During the 1990s, most literature on the subject revolved around proving that differentiated instruction can work. Sternberg and Grigorenko carried out a study to assess the impact of differentiated instruction in 1999. The investigators used students’ grade performance to determine whether this teaching model was effective. In order to sufficiently assess whether differentiated instruction had taken place, they looked at whether teachers attempted to match thinking styles with content. The two authors explained that a student could belong to one of three thinking styles. They could be practical thinkers who thrive in active-forms of delivery. Alternatively, creative thinkers require a different approach because they tend to look for hidden meanings. Thirdly, a student could be an analytical thinker wh o can find solutions in a seemingly complex set of variables. Matching instruction to these individuals’ thinking styles is what made the difference in their learning outcomes (Watts-Taffe et. a.l., 2012). One of the most influential theorists in this field is Carol Tomlinson. Differentiated instructions were spreading throughout various schools in the 90s.  It was necessary to look at the obstacles to implementation, which this writer studied intensely.     Ã‚  

Intangible assets valuation methodologies Assignment

Intangible assets valuation methodologies - Assignment Example Cost based valuation approach is to measure the future benefit from the ownership of the tangible asset. The valuation of intangible assets is affected by the cost of substitute intangible asset. The cost based valuation approach also includes the new reproduction cost of the asset after deducting the tax. The cost approach measures the total cost of the duplicate intangible asset of same functionality in current prices. Functionality of the intangible asset is the performance of the job for which it was introduced. According to the cost based valuation approach of intangible assets include direct cost, indirect cost, the developer’s profit of the intangible asset and opportunity cost. The direct and indirect cost of intangible assets are easily identified and quantified while developer’s profit is comparatively difficult as it can be calculated through different procedures. All the four types of costs including direct, indirect, developer’s profit and opportunity cost are included in the valuation of intangible asset through cost based approach. The valuation should also include the physical deterioration, functional and economic obsolesce. The depreciation on the intangible asset is subtracted from the current value. Market based valuation approach is the perception of the economic value of the intangible asset. This valuation approach is based on supply and demand and market efficiency. The value of an intangible asset can valued from the sale or transfer of the asset with same features in the same market. This approach is more suitable for active assets so that several examples can be found for the valuation of the asset. Market based valuation is more logical, practical and applicable on intangible assets. The most reliable fair value is the quoted market price of the intangible asset in the active market. The first step in valuation through market approach is collection of data from

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment - Research Paper Example The interface is easy to understand and use. There is a provision for requesting orders and other queries. The website shows a provision with Amazon.com where the user can place their requests. The overall visual appeal of the website is captivating enough to reaction the interest of the user (Harry Potter Wizards Collection). Answer 2 The Harry Potter Wizard’s collection presents a vast array of the products and merchandise that was used in their marketing. The first site in the wand gestures section contains information about the collection offered in the website. It offers Harry Potter and the deathly hallows cd for both part1 and part2 versions in 2D and 3D versions. It also contains map of Hogwarts, concept art prints and catalogs of props as well as posters that were prepared by the graphic designers of the film. The second site labels collection contains a book of 32 pages that provides the prop labels such as the ones used in the magic potions, vials for memory, Honey dukes as well as Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes. There are also videos showing the complete collection of Harry Potter goodies and merchandise. From the visual content of the site, it has been built keeping in mind the wizard and magical content of the film. There is a brilliant usage of red, black and golden color in the site. The wand has been used for navigation purpose that makes it more interesting and produces a magical feel in the users. Apart from the cd, videos and other merchandise featured in The Harry Potter Wizard’s collection, the company Warner’s Brothers can use Harry Potter products like bags, coffee mugs featuring the different characters. They can also sell garments like t-shirts, sweatshirts for both boys and girls similar to the ones that were worn by the three main characters in the films. Thirdly, the company can organize trips for the masses in their make shift locations of the film. Answer 3(a) After examining the two sites for Harry Potter and batme n it was found that both the movies offer the same type of merchandise to the consumers. Items Available for Harry Potter Items Available for Batman DVD for Harry Potter series like Harry Potter wizard collection. Sound tracks like the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part Two: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack CD, iphone cases featuring the film logos, bags and accessories such as earrings, necklace, pins etc. there were clothing for both kids and adults. Gift items were also available. DVD for Batman series like the animated series- tales of the dark knight. Digital video games were present such as the Arkham city. Plush toys featuring Batman costumes were available. Accessories in the form of backpacks, hats, jewelry, clothing like shirts for kids and adults, robes, jackets and sweatshirts were available. Most of the products available for the two movies are same in nature. It can be explained using porter’s differentiation strategy of the generic strategies model. Th e market for animated films and 2D/3D genre is very competitive and saturated. Also, Warner Brothers had the right elements to satisfy the needs of the movie fans. This helped them in creating a different brand identity for each films though the underlying physical commodity was the same such as the coffee mugs (Botten 276). Apart from these, movies such as the Lord of the Rings, Scooby Doo etc are featured in the Warner website. As Warner