Sterotyping in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay

Topic 1: Stereotyping. The novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is based on the experiences of one girl, Scout, growing up in Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930s. The novel explains some conflicts in Scout’s life. Scout, the main character, learns that things are not always morally correct and is confronted with the reality of prejudice and stereotyping. Scout struggles with understanding the prejudice and stereotyping she witnesses. Atticus Finch, Scouts father, with his strongly held convictions, wisdom, and empathy, Atticus functions as the novels moral backbone. (2). Atticus tries to raise his children to be fair and nonjudgmental. It is through the lessons of Atticus and Scouts experiences with discrimination that the reader sees†¦show more content†¦Regardless of the lack of evidence, the jury and town are reluctant to take the word of a black man over two white accusers. Atticus strongly pleads for the jury to look past race and stereotypes and serve true justice, They were confident that you gentlemen would go along with them on the assumption- the evil assumption- that all Negros lie, and that all Negros are basically immoral beings.† †¦ â€Å"I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty. (1). Throughout this trial Scout not only witnesses prejudice and stereotyping, she becomes the victim of several people throughout the book. When Scout arrives for her first day of school, she meets Miss Caroline, a teacher from the north. Miss Caroline has predetermined thoughts as to how the class should be taught and how the children should learn. When Scout tells the teacher she can read and write, she is punished and told she should not learn outside of school and that she is too young to be able to read and write. Scout was mad with Miss Carolines refusal to accept any other teaching method but her own. This shows how Scout was stereotyped because she was from rural Alabama and the teacher stereotyped everyone to be dumber than herself. When Scout is verbally abused because her father is defending Tom Robinson, she becomes

The Three Main Soures Of Energy Essay - 736 Words

There are three possible energy sources. The sources are: wind, solar, and fracking energy. There are ups and downs to all the renewable energy and here they are. Solar power is only one of the forms of energy. Solar power has its advantages but most of the people the people think the solar panels are expensive disadvantages, but it’s actually an advantage. Solar power starts saving money from day one. Electricity is one of the key things we need to clean up and solar power is the way to do so. (Shanan 1-4) Solar energy is a visible form of alternative energy. Solar panels capture energy from the sun’s rays and convert it to electricity. Solar power offers a clean form of energy. Solar energy carries political considerations just as†¦show more content†¦(Windustry1) Wind power has some disadvantages. There may not be enough wind in certain areas. Winds are a variable source. It costs 2 million for each commercial turbine. (Craft 1-2) Utility turbines make sounds at a low frequency. The primary health effects are disabled sleep, which is a serious disease. The longer we are exposed the more likely we could get this diseas e. (Brehm 1) Smaller forms or residence turbine sales cost less overall. Wind turbines cost between $3,000 and $8,000 if they are less than 100 kilowatts. Often there are taxes that dramatically reduce the cost of wind projects. (Windustry 1) Findings show that some; if not all wind turbines exceed the max sound allowed noise ordinances. â€Å"It’s like a fog horn going off every 15 seconds†. Strong vibrations and concerns about sounds and light flickers distract motorists. If the turbines didn’t comply with noise regulations they should be shut off, but turning the turbines off during noise complaints can’t be don’t in a short amount of time. Companies stated that the angle or â€Å"pitch† of the blades could be adjusted. People with yearly payments rumored in the range of $15,000 or more the lake winds energy park was a god send but was it worth all the noise and all the health problems. (Enos 1-2) The third form of energy is Fracking. The advantages to fracking are perfect replacement to coal in power stations. (Elias 1-2) Having lots of naturalShow MoreRelatedCoca-Cola Sustainable Development8120 Words   |  33 Pagesthe sustainability is an essential to business continouly development. Hence, the Coca-Cola Company and six of our largest bottling partners developed a strategy for sustainability. That plan focuses on the role and impact of the Coca-Cola system in three key areas: protecting the environment, contributiong to communities and offering quality and safe products. This sustainability strategy will guide me approach to sustainability issues and how it adopted throughout the Coca-Colar system. 3. Reasons

Contemporary Business Thinking Course Notes Essay Sample free essay sample

†¢ Build larger. efficient production capacity to work economic systems of – graduated table: large production to acquire smallest cost per unit – range: efficient usage of common points†¢ Create extended selling and distribution channels †¢ Establish well-organized direction squads Measure 2: Implement a â€Å"Strategy of Leadership† †¢ Continuous research. betterment and invention†¢ Systematically lower costs and better quality†¢ Expand selling and distribution ( geographically and market-wise ) †¢ Compete sharply and neer allow up First movers†¢ Confidently seize chances through major committednesss ( FIRST ) †¢ Constantly better and sharply compete ( BEST ) †¢ Manage logically and consistently ( BEST )†¢ Maintain and nurture their competitory capablenesss ( RIGHT ) Other constructs: †¢ Functional divisions†¢ Management hierarchy†¢ Research and development†¢ Related variegation†¢ Separation of top vs. in-between direction†¢ Stock market force per unit areas†¢ Short-term thought GREINER Development 1: Creativity†¢ Merchandise†¢ Dedication†¢ Target marketRevolution 1: Leadership†¢ Motivational issues†¢ Leader to pull off employees†¢ Capital/accounting processes neededDevelopment 2: Direction†¢ Functional organisation: separate fabrication from marketing†¢ Accounting for stock list and buying†¢ Motivation by money Revolution 2: Autonomy†¢ Lower degree have restraints and can non take enterprise†¢ Top degree don’t want to give up their duties†¢ Moral and motive lesseningsDevelopment 3: Deputation†¢ Responsiveness ( depute undertakings )†¢ Net income centres and fillips†¢ Acquire outside endeavors Revolution 3: Control†¢ Top executives feel loss of control†¢ Everyone is making what he/she wants†¢ Lack of communicating Development 4: Coordination ( formal systems )†¢ Establish new formal processs†¢ Efficient allotment†¢ No loss of response Revolution 4: Red-tape ( lack assurance )†¢ Gaps in degrees†¢ Outgrow the established new processs because company is excessively big to be run by formal and stiff systems Development 5: Collaboration†¢ Focus of squad action†¢ Communication is frequentRevolution 5: ? crisis†¢ Psychological state of affairs ( rest. We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Business Thinking Course Notes Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page reflect. regenerate ) †¢ Habit construction ( day-to-day work )†¢ Brooding construction ( personal contemplation ) Guidelines for directors of turning organisations: Know where you are in the development sequence †¢ Leaderships should be able to work with the flow†¢ Leaderships should non avoid declarations. They provide force per unit area. thoughts and consciousness that initiate alterationAcknowledge the limited scope of solutions †¢ Different state of affairss ( stages ) require different solutions †¢ Solving crisis and traveling toward following stage requires self-awareness in top direction and inter-personal accomplishments to carry that alteration is needed Recognize that solutions breed new jobs †¢ Organization solutions create future jobs†¢ Being aware of this can assist directors measure jobs with historical understanding alternatively of faulting current development †¢ Can besides help foretell jobs in front of clip and enforce header schemes COLLINS AND PORRAS Five Criteria of a good BHAG: 1. Are set with understanding. non bravado2. Fit forthrightly in the three circles3. Have a longtime frame ( 10 to 30 old ages )4. Are clear. compelling and easy to hold on5. Directly reflect your nucleus values and nucleus intent Definitions: †¢ Core values: guiding rules to adhere to no affair what ; they neer change†¢ Core intent: the underlying ‘why’ you are seeking to mount the mountain†¢ BHAG: the specific mountain you are presently seeking to mount†¢ Scheme: the path you intend to take and the general methods you intend to utilize to make the top of that specific mountain†¢ Base cantonments: intermediate aims to the top of the mountain ; the ends on the manner up to accomplishing the BHAG†¢ Tacticss: specific methods for mounting the subdivisions of stone and ice that confront you right now ; programs for acquiring things done Porter Scheme is basically about doing picks. lodging with them and polishing them to acquire better at it.Operational Effectiveness if non Strategy †¢ It is a demand. non an advantage†¢ Consists of making what you choose to make in an effectual and efficient manner ( it works and it works good )Scheme Rests on Unique Activities †¢ The more common something is. the less it is valued or particular †¢ If you can specialise in one assortment of things. or run intoing the demands of one peculiar group of clients. or supplying particular entree. you may be able to make value Sustainable Position Requires Trade-offs †¢ Enable you to concentrate. be typical. crisp and clear ( repositing ) †¢ Straddling makes you vulnerable. cognizing where you stand gives you strengthFit Drives both Competitive Advantage and Sustainability †¢ Simple fit means activities fit together – no via medias or contradictions †¢ Reinforcing activities means one activity contributes to do another work better. excessively †¢ Optimization of attempt agencies sharpening the overall tantrum Rediscovering Scheme †¢ Failure to take†¢ Growth Trap†¢ Profitable Growth ( attempts to turn blur singularity. create via medias. cut down tantrum and undermine competitory advantage ) KAPLAN AND NORTON The balance scorecard is a construct for mensurating whether the activities of a company are run intoing its aims in footings of vision and scheme. By concentrating non merely on fiscal results but besides on the human issues. the balanced scorecard helps to supply a more comprehensive position of a concern which in bend helps organisations to move in their best long-run involvements. â€Å"Bottom line† is non adequate Customer position †¢ What matters most to clients?†¢ Corporate missions normally focus on clients†¢ Company public presentation from client position is a precedence of top direction †¢ Balance scorecard demands that directors translate mission on client service into specific steps that reflect what clients want Internal concern position †¢ How can we bring forth to run into client outlooks? †¢ Excellent client public presentation derives from procedures. determinations and actions happening withinInvention and larning position †¢ How can we do continual betterments?†¢ This position identifies the parametric quantities that the company considers most of import for competitory success †¢ Targets for success support altering due to intense planetary competition. so continual betterments are needed †¢ A company’s ability to introduce. better and larn ties straight to the company’s value Fiscal position †¢ How can we guarantee profitableness for stockholders? †¢ This position indicates whether the company’s scheme. execution and executing are lending to bottom-line betterment. †¢ Typical fiscal ends have to make with profitableness. growing and stockholder value FRENCH AND RAVEN Wages †¢ Expectation of award ; the sensed ability to give positive effects or take negative 1sCoercive †¢ Power to penalize ; the sensed ability to penalize those who do non conform to your thoughts or demandsLegalize †¢ Based on values ; organisational ability ; the perceptual experience that person has the right to order behaviour due to election or assignment to a place of duty Referent †¢ Desire to tie in ; through association with others who possess powerExpert †¢ Perception of greater cognition ; based on holding typical cognition. expertise. ability or accomplishments*Managers who merely focus on one signifier of power will non win HERTZBERG KITA †¢ Kick in the buttocks †¢ Old manner direction system with penalty and wages†¢ Three types:– Negative physical– Negative psychological– Positive Negative Physical KITA †¢ Literal application †¢ Drawbacks:– Inelegant– Contradicts the cherished image of benevolence that most organisations cherish – Since it is a physical onslaught. it straight stimulates the autonomic nervous system and consequences in negative feedback from the employee Negative Psychological KITA †¢ Advantages over negative physical:– Invisible inhuman treatment– Affects the higher cortical centres of the encephalon with its repressive power. so it reduces the possibility of physical recoil – The individual administrating the boot can be above it all and allow the system carry through the soiled work – Those who pattern it receive some ego satisfaction whereas they would happen blood abhorrent – If employee complains. there is no cogent evidence †¢ â€Å"I am motivated so you move†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ does non make motivePositive KITA †¢ Seduction Myths about Motivation 1. Reducing clip spent at work2. Gyrating rewards3. Fringe benefits4. Human dealingss preparation5. Sensitivity preparation6. Communicationss7. Two-way communicating8. Job engagement9. Employee reding Hygiene vs. Incentives Hygiene factors are needed to guarantee that an employee does non go disgruntled. They do non take to higher degrees of satisfaction. but without them there is dissatisfaction. †¢ Working conditions†¢ Quality of supervising†¢ Salary†¢ Status†¢ Security†¢ Company†¢ Job†¢ Company policies and disposal†¢ Interpersonal dealingss Motivation factors are needed in order to actuate employees into higher public presentation. These factors result from internal generators in employees. †¢ Accomplishment†¢ Recognition of accomplishments†¢ Responsibility of undertakings†¢ Interest in the occupation†¢ Advancement to higher degree undertakings†¢ Growth Uniting the hygiene and motive factors consequences in: High hygiene+High motivation=Ideal( employees are extremely motivated and there are few ailments ) High hygiene+Low motivation=Paycheck ( employees’ motive is low and based on money. but there are few ailments ) Low hygiene+High motivation=Poor work conditions but occupation is disputing and exciting Low hygiene+Low motivation=Worst ( unmotivated and tonss of ailments ) Work can and should be arranged in the undermentioned ways:†¢ Job expansion†¢ Job rotary motion and/or†¢ Job enrichment Mintzberg Myths: Directors are brooding. systematic contrivers. Fact:Directors work at an grim gait. their activities are characterized by brevity. assortment and discontinuity and they are strongly oriented to actions and dislike brooding activities. Myth: Effective manages have no regular responsibilities to execute. Fact: Managerial work involves executing a figure of regular responsibilities. including ritual and ceremonial. dialogues and emanations of soft information that links the organisation with its environment. Myth: Senior directors need aggregated information. which a formal direction information system best provides. Fact: Directors strongly favor verbal media. telephone calls and meetings. over paperss. Myth: Management is. or at least is rapidly going. a scientific discipline and a profession. Fact: The managers’ plans ( to schedule clip. procedure information. do determinations and so on ) remain locked deep inside their encephalons. So. the existent undertakings: †¢ Managers sit between the organisation and a web of contacts †¢ Managers demonstrate a strong penchant for verbal media ( telephone and meetings. as opposed to get off and Tourss ) †¢ Managers appear to be able to command their ain personal businesss †¢ Managers trade with people. non things Managerial functions: †¢ Interpersonal ( chiefly )– Figurehead. leader. affair †¢ Informational ( every bit good as )– Spokesperson. proctor. propagator †¢ Decisional ( eventually )– Resource distributor. enterpriser. perturbation animal trainer. negotiant LEVITT Nothing lasts everlastingly Fateful intents †¢ Failure is at the top. The executives responsible for it are those who deal with wide purposes and policies.Mistake of analysis †¢ Error of specifying an industry or a merchandise or a bunch of know-how so narrowly as to vouch its premature aging. Restricting oneself is non good.The history of every dead and deceasing growing industry shows a self-deceiving rhythm of big enlargement and undetected decay. There are 4 conditions which normally guarantee this rhythm†¢ The belief that growing is assured by an spread outing and more flush population †¢ The belief that there is no competitory replacement for the industry’s major merchandise †¢ Too much religion in mass production and in the advantaged of quickly worsening unit costs as end product rises †¢ Preoccupation with a merchandise that lends itself to carefully controlled scientific experimentation. betterment and fabrication cost decrease †¢ P Population growing†¢ U Uniqueness†¢ M Mass production ( production force per unit areas )†¢ P Perfecting ( dangers of research and development ) Ex-husbands: Dry cleansing. electric public-service corporations. food market shops â€Å"Inside out† selling Selling = internally-orientedMarketing = needs-based HANDY Sigmoid Curve Before the curve starts tapering. as shortly at growing slows down. a good direction starts inquiring inquiries. This necessarily creates statements in the company because it is hard to carry people to alter when nil is incorrect what how things are. Once the curve tapers. a company must seek and maintain afloat for every bit long as possible ( until something comes along ) by reconstructing what they had.When you do non desire to alter †¢ You make money on the worsening merchandise because you merely rake in without puting any extra moneyWhen you commit excessively late †¢ The 1s merely get downing to believe in possible. They lose money along the manner due to investings. Planing to merely stand the class will non ever work because person will come along and be better. Unless a company is a perfect theoretical account of what Porter says and no 1 can calculate out how they do whatever they do. Company Y will take it while Company X is traveling downhill.The spread after that will be excessively large for Company X to of all time catch up. Company X is now # 2. Chandler’s point about first-mover and Porter’s point about imitation.

Business Communication for Interdisciplinary- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communicationfor Interdisciplinary Studies. Answer: Communication is an essential rather it's the main part of any business. Good business communication always makes that business a great success. Communication means communicate with other people and make them know about the business product, so basically it will attract more businesses. Business communication will help the Heart Saver Company to entice more hospitals and healthcare centres to know about their product, and this will help to grow the business (Us et al., 2017). Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) is great equipment, and it helps to prevent cardiac arrests. The Heart Saver Company supplies AED and provides coaching on how to use it and why is it important. Therefore, a good communication in the business will help the business to grow because people will get to know how useful the product is for them if they are suffering from some heart diseases or cardiac arrests. Service quality will improve if the business communication is good of the Heart Saver Company. After all, it is a digital world, and it is so easy to communicate with others now. When the leaders of the Heart Saver Company communicates positively and professionally, a good positive atmosphere will produce itself. Good business communications will increase upper the demand of AEDs (Akyol, 2013). There are certain types of communication would occur. Today most of our communication takes place via our smartphones and computers in this digital world. So creating a business page on social platforms like Facebook, Twitter will help to create a good business communication. Communicate with consumers through online is the best way of communication nowadays. Another way of communication is doing a free campaign of this product called AEDs in several hospitals and communities (DR.K.VANITHA, 2012). It will help the people to know more about AEDs, and by these campaigns, the Heart Saver Company will create awareness among people too. People will get more aware of cardiac attacks and heart dis eases. They will share it with their family too, so it will help the business to grow anyway. Written communication is one of the most important ways of business communication. Hospitals are busy places, so if the Heart Saver company write about their product and how useful it is in a block of interesting paper and distribute it to the hospitals and to the communities, it will be an effective way to communicate (Theicehouse.co.nz, 2017). As AED is a life-saving kits so, I would like to suggest the owner be more authentic about the product. Though Company is doing well when the communication with the consumer is concerned, but the Company must have to reach the people strongly. Heart Saver company should do spread more about the effectiveness of the AED rather than the product. It would be beneficial for the Company to gain the trust of the consumers (Peery and Galanos, 2006). Apart from that, the company should post the feedback of their every consumer over social media and other media to grab the marketplace in a proper way. Nevertheless, to say focusing on the quality is far better than the getting negative feedback. The product must be more user-friendly and the usage of the concerned product should be discussed among the consumers in a proper way. Heart Saver Company must involve best-trained person for the door-to-door selling purpose, as it can be the best way to convince the pros of the AED. The Company should spread awareness among the people about the advantages of AED and how a precious life can be saved. In the end, I must suggest the Company pay more attention to the transparency with their consumers. It would be better for the Company to develop the product according to the feedback of the consumers (Knight, 2013). References Akyol, ?. (2013). Social Media and Marketing: Viral Marketing.Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. DR.K.VANITHA, D. (2012). Customer Relationship Management on Customer Satisfaction.International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(4), pp.1-3. Knight, M. (2013). Usability and Business Communication.Business Communication Quarterly, 76(4), pp.395-396. Peery, C. and Galanos, A. (2006). Home Automated External Defibrillators in a Geriatric Population: A Brief Discussion of the Evidence.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(1), pp.133-137. Theicehouse.co.nz. (2017).HeartSaver: Jump Starting The Business. [online] Available at: https://www.theicehouse.co.nz/casestudy/heartsaver/ [Accessed 4 May 2017]. Us, A., are, W., Team, O., us, W., AEDs, A., AEDs, O., verification, A., ideas, A., Cover, E., Us, C., Saver, B., Gus Bell, R., School, J., Sue Dewsnap, A., Tom Searle, L., Tony de Felice, C., Coleen Carmichael, B., Debbie Baxter, N., Delwyn Miles, T. and Ateesh Patel, A. (2017).Heart Saver New Zealand | AED | FIRST AID | MEDIC | TRAINING. [online] Heartsaver.co.nz. Available at: https://www.heartsaver.co.nz/ [Accessed 4 May 2017].

Downfall of Macbet Essay Example

Downfall of Macbet Paper Macbets Downfall William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth show three main forces that create the eponym’s downfall. These are the role of the supernatural, the struggle between good and evil and Macbeths ambition guilt and fear. These all combine to create the massive downfall of power that Macbeth experiences during the play. The role of the supernatural has a key part in the creation of the downfall of Macbeths power. This is brought on by many factors associated with the supernatural. The witches are a central part in the supernatural theme. The storms that are associated with the witches whenever they come on stage reflect a violation of the natural order of witch the weather is meant to be. The worst of these storms happens on the night of Duncan’s murder. They also summon the apparitions that give the predictions to Macbeth that lead to his downfall. The siliquy of the dagger shows that Macbeth was completely obsessed with the thoughts of the murder. This would also be a warning sign to the audience that Macbeth was morally unfit to undertake the murder. Banquo’s ghost also portrays this sense of unfitness towards Macbeth’s conscience. We will write a custom essay sample on Downfall of Macbet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Downfall of Macbet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Downfall of Macbet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Macbeth would be experiencing an unstable mind state due to the fact of the supernatural controlling his life. This would have in turn lead to Macbeths downfall. The struggle between good and evil created havoc for Macbeth’s life and therefore contributed to his downfall. The good side is portrayed in Macbeth through noble Banquo and the rightful king Duncan. Macbeth juxtaposes these characters during his downfall. On the contrary there is the evil side of the play. This is portrayed through the witches and their many spells. The most important of these are the apparitions that they use to show Macbeth his future. These are very vague and only tell of the good to come but not of the evil. These trick Macbeth into thinking that everything will be all right. This later contributed to Macbeth’s downfall. Lady Macbeth also portrays evil herself. After finishing the deed of killing Duncan she believes that the blood has stained her â€Å"What will these hands ne’er be clean? † This shows the distracting power that the evil has on the characters. Macbeth also plays part of showing the theme of evil through darkness and blood. The blood on his hands symbolizes the guilt that he has about the murder. He portrays darkness through the line â€Å"stars hide your fires let no light see my backward deep desires† Here Macbeth is taking about how he is almost possessed by the thought of murder. He gets caught up in these thoughts and this is a contributing factor to his downfall. Macbeth’s ambition guilt and fear all had a huge contribution to the downfall that he experienced. Ambition was one of Macbeth’s fatal flaws. This was what ultimately led to his downfall. This was combined with Lady Macbeth’s ambitions. She is the one that suggests entertaining Duncan after hearing the news of the witches’ predictions. If Lady Macbeth hadn’t pushed forward Macbeth’s ambition and convinced him to kill Duncan the whole downfall would not have happened. Guilt was another factor that contributed to Macbeth’s downfall. Macbeth says, â€Å"I could not say ‘amen’†¦ Macbeth will sleep no more†. This puts forward the guilt that Macbeth would have been feeling at the time. Yet after saying this he still does not repent. This guilt then led to fear that Macbeth feels. â€Å"We have scratched the snake not killed it. † This quote is Macbeth referring to the predicament that he is facing. The ambition to kill Duncan that lead to guilt and consequently fear played an important role in Macbeth’s downfall. In William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth we see the eponym face many factors that contribute to his downfall. These are the roles of the supernatural being the witches the daggers and Banquo’s ghost. The struggle between good and particularly evil with Macbeth being sucked in form the good side by the withes and them pushed ahead by Lady Macbeth. This is all combined with Macbeth’s Ambitions guilt and consequently fears. All of these reasons combine to the outcome of Macbeth’s downfall.

Appeasement Now and Before essays

Appeasement Now and Before essays Initially reports suggested the North Koreans fired a Daepondong I ballistic missile over Japan into the Pacific. Later State Department bulletins indicated it was merely an attempt to launch a satellite. Any way you look at it, many disturbing questions about American policy toward North Korea and stability on the Korean peninsula are raised. State Department spokesmen said firing a missile over Japan and into the Pacific did not violate a 1994 agreement freezing North Korea's nuclear weapons program, since this was ostensibly a satellite launch. However the failed satellite launch was tracked for 4000 miles into the Pacific Ocean, a range that could make Alaska and Hawaii vulnerable to a North Korean attack. Although it is not easy to determine motives, the launching of this missile may be designed for Iraq, Iran and Pakistan as much as South Korea. As the leading supplier of nuclear technology to rogue states, North Korea depends on these sales for the only hard currency to be found in this largely impoverished nation. The launch also raises the ante in the "international game of chicken." North Korea delivered a message: If the nuclear plants promised by the U.S. are not built soon and if gifts of oil don't arrive, the next missile fired may be more than a mere satellite launch. Within hours of the missile's Pacific splashdown, State Department Asia hands confirmed the need to underwrite the nuclear plants - a decision that prompted the South Korean government to release $4.6 billion to its neighbor to the north. Like much of what occurs in American life at the moment, intimidation even if indirect, is rewarded. The North Koreans may be facing technical problems for a long range missile, such as not having enough propellant for a third stage, but as former Pentagon officials noted this is not an insuperable problem if they are intent on delivering a first strike to noncontiguous parts of the United S ...

Nutrition Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nutrition - Statistics Project Example Cycle 1 students indicated fruit juice as their favorite drink as compared to Cycle 2 students who indicated Fizzy drinks/Carbonated drinks with high sugar content as their favorite drink. More Cycle 1 students buy snacks/drinks from the cafeteria everyday as compared to Cycle 2 students. Over the last 30 years, the UAE has experienced rapid socio-cultural changes that have been brought about by the growing economy of the Arabian Gulf Region due to the discovery of oil (Bin Zaal, Musaiger and D’Souza 2009). UAE citizens have undergone significant lifestyle changes including a massive transition from deficiency diseases and under nutrition towards degenerative diseases that are associated with over-nutrition. There have been significant changes in food choices leading to a â€Å"nutritional transition† (Al-Haddad, Al-Nuaimi, Little and Thabit, 2000). According to the World Health Organization (2000), nutrition plays a crucial role in affecting the weight of a populace because the changes in economic and social environments have highly significant influences on calorific intake. Physical activity and recreational patterns of people in a given place also play a part in the influences that emanate from effects of nutritional intake. Improper nutrition often leads to a variety of health conditions such as obesity, nutrition deficiency diseases such as goiter, kwashiorkor among others. In the context of the UAE, nutritional challenges have heralded obesity which has resulted into several health concerns. Obesity is described as a medical condition in which body fat accumulates to the extent of causing risks to the health of the victim. It is measured as the Body Mass Index (BMI)- calculated by dividing the weight (Kg) of a person to the person’s square of height (M) (Seidell and Flegal, 1997). One is considered overweight when the BMI is between 25 and obese when the BMI is higher than 30 (Seidell and Flegal, 1997). Students in

Analytic source review and evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analytic source review and evaluation - Essay Example The methodical studies conducted over the last decades regarding the addiction of drugs among the young people, revealed that after a certain period an individual cannot afford the price and gradually gets involved in criminal activities to increase their affordability. In majority instances, such consequences were found to be led by the negligence of parents, guardians or the other members of the society towards the young people. These activities not only hinder the healthy growth of the society, but also restrict social progress in terms of economic divergences, education prospects and governance systems. The objective of the paper will thereby be focused on analysing and evaluating the criminal activities associated with illegal drugs as well as sexual assaults in the modern day context. Discussion Illicit Drugs Illicit drugs habit is often regarded as the major cause of interpersonal violence as well as public health challenges in the modern society. With this concern, the Nation al Drug Intelligence Centre (NDIC) along with many other non-profit organizations have taken initiative and organized a yearly National Drug Threat Assessment (NDTA) that tends to assess the impact of threats related to illicit drug related crimes on the society as well as on the nation at large. Recent reports in this regard revealed that the total cost incurred in relation to illicit drug use was approximated in excess of $193 billion in the year 2007. The cost was estimated focusing on three major principal areas i.e. crime, health and aggregate productivity of the state or region. The component of crime cost is fundamentally based on three major factors that include criminal justice system costs, crime victim costs as well as other crime costs. In addition, health related issues and costs include four major components i.e. emergency departmental costs in the hospitals for homicide and non-homicide cases, speciality treatment and medicine costs, insurance administration costs and other health related costs. Nonetheless, the productivity costs and issues are also associated with some direct and indirect components such as labour participation costs, pre-mature mortality costs and the costs incurred due to harm of education as well as lack of societal growth (U.S. Department of Justice, 2011). When considering the global trend, people addicted by illegal drugs and related crimes in England and Wales were reported to constitute around three million adults in the year 2011-2012. This proportionate was further affirmed to account for around 8.9% of the total population in England. Another significant attribute of the trend exhibited that in majority cases, the offenders were young where minors aged 16 years to old aged people of 59 years were also identified involved in such crimes (The Independent, 2012). According to the research study of Payne-James & et. al. (2005), it was found that the drug addiction is especially notices among the unemployed persons. Cons equentially, 80% drug habituates have been reported to be spending their life suffering from several mental as well as physical health issues. At the onset, mental and financial problems can be identified as the main causes of such offences which might be caused due to social complexities or monetary troubles often faced by young generation people (Payne-James & et. al., 2005). Besides, as exhibited by Payne-James & et.

Critically appraise the application of traditional capital budgeting Assignment

Critically appraise the application of traditional capital budgeting techniques - Assignment Example At the same time, many business organizations failed to survive stiff market competition and subsequently went out of the market. The last decade witnessed a series of corporate scandals and bank failures due to poor managerial accountability and ineffective corporate governance practices. Hence, today’s managements give particular focus to corporate governance principles and long term business decisions. In this context, the concept of capital budgeting is of considerable significance because it evaluates future cash inflows and outflows on a prospective business project and thereby determines it potentiality. After the global financial crisis 2008-09, capital budgeting is specifically considered to be an integral part of the financial management. This paper clearly describes how the capital budgeting technique can contribute to the long term sustainability of business organizations. In addition, the influence of capital budgeting on managerial efficiency and organizational p erformance is also explained in this paper. Some recent developments in the application of capital budgeting have increased this method’s relevance in the modern business context. ... back period, net present value, accounting rate of return, internal rate of return, equivalent annuity, profitability index, real options valuation, and modified internal rate of return (Drury & Tayles 1997). The method used for capital budgeting may vary with regard to the change in size of the business. Simply, capital budgeting is a tool used for long term decision making. Although capital budgeting is traditionally used for making sound long term investment decisions, many other real-life applications of this technique have been developed recently. Capital budgeting is a complex process and therefore careful management of this process is vital to achieve the desired outcomes. A post project audit is conducted to evaluate the completed project. More precisely, under a capital investment project, actual cash inflows and other benefits are compared with figures forecasted at the time of project appraisal. This paper will analyze the objectives of capital budgeting, recent developmen ts in its applications, and the role of post-completion auditing. 2. Capital Budgeting and Post Completion Auditing Capital budgeting can be simply referred to the planning process deployed to evaluate whether or not a firm’s long term investments including new plants, new machinery and products, and research and development project are worth pursuing. In a broader sense, â€Å"capital budgeting can be defined as the analysis of a proposed investment that is a long-term asset used by the business to yield a return over a period of time that is greater than one year† (Williamson et al 2008, n.a). Management experts argue that capital budgeting can also enhance the growth of non-profit organizations because potential long term investment decision would assist those institutions to expand

A Midwifery Community Profile Health And Social Care Essay

A Midwifery Community Profile Health And Social Care Essay This community profile is based on an area in the outskirts of Glasgow and the objective is to identify the current provisions of maternity care and other health care services, which cater for the needs of the local population in the physical, emotional, intellectual and social needs for groups in the community, additionally, commenting on any deficits in care. Health promotions have been identified as resources that will enhance the health of this specific communitys health and are included in the profile. Also, the role and contribution of the midwifery services is explored, along with other primary healthcare providers and how they use teamwork to deliver healthcare to the community. Professional and ethical issues have been discussed throughout the profile and as all aspects of health are unrelated and interdependent, (Ewles Simnett, 1992: Ch1 p7), a holistic and professional view has been taken to evaluate the needs, and health services of this community. The RCM believes that truly woman-centered care must encompass midwifery-led care of normal pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period and services that are planned and delivered close to women and the communities in which they live or work, (NHS Evidence, 2008). This statement shows the importance of a community midwife, as their role is to not only provide the clinical skills, but also be accessible for support and advice at the time of much adjustment for a woman. If the midwife can become a part of the womans community, getting to know the woman and her family more personally, learning to understand their lives and the nature of the life around them, she will be able to be more responsive and understanding to them as individuals, and move away from the depersonalization of the institution. Individual societies each have their own specific needs and characteristics, and it is vital for a midwife to know her area well in order to respond appropriately, along with poverty levels and racial mixes (Fraser and Cooper 2009, p. 43). Community-based care can be in the home or in community hospitals and centers, but is a process that emphasizes consultation, collaboration, and referral to the professionals who are most appropriately prepared to meet the women ¹s needs (Walsh, 2001). It is also vital that women are educated and women should be given appropriate, accurate and unbiased information based on research that would allow and encourage them to make informed choices in relation to their care (Baston Green, 2002). Women from different backgrounds, and areas can often have very contrasting education levels and as a midwife, it is essential to know your neighborhood well in order to take these into consideration when communicating with a woman. The area chosen for this community profile is in the south west of Glasgow, which will now be referred to as area X, with a population of 10,024 (RDC Registrar Generals Census, 2001). Table 1: Age Distribution Area X Indicator Number Percentage Population aged 0-15 2,400 23.9% Population ages 16-64 6,463 64.5% Population aged 65+ 1161 11.6% The majority of the population is in the age range 16-64 years and the relevant health care services in the community for this group are the antenatal clinics, family planning and screening clinics. Graph 1: Hospital admissions for heart disease Area X With respect to the social and economical characteristics of the area, this graph shows the volume of people admitted to hospital for heart disease in Area X. Heart disease is more accurately described now as a disease of social and economical disadvantage and poverty (Blackburn, 1991:Ch2 p36) and the major risk factors contributing to heart disease are smoking and diet. These lifestyle factors also may echo a life associated with lower social class (Bond Bond, 1994: Ch 4 p 70). Nearly half of the houses in Area X are owner occupied, and that amount can be split into two; ex-council houses and private housing estates. The other half are tenanted homes, renting either from the council or private renting. Almost a quarter of all homes in the area suffer from overcrowding. These statistics indicate there are many occupants of tenement flats and these tend to be low-income families who have little or no choice about the type or standard of accommodation they live in (Blackburn, 1991). Higher income groups tend to live in the private housing sector, and have choices in the location and type of heating which are important influences affecting the health of families (Lowry, 1991). Table 2: Housing Area X Indicator Number Percentage Owner Occupiers 1,851 41.1% Overcrowding 1,000 22.2% (RDC Registrar Generals Census, 2001). Glasgow is home to the most workless households in the UK, according to the Office for National Statistics, (ONS). Figures measured in 2007 indicate 29% of households in the Glasgow City council area had members of working age who were unemployed (BBC, 2009). Area X also has a high percentage of people unemployed according to Scotlands Census from 2001, with both those who are unemployed and claiming and those who are economically inactive. Long-term unemployment can be a self-perpetuating cycle that leads to low morale and poor health (NHS: Greater Glasgow, 2005). Other effects of unemployment are the increased rates of depression, particularly in the young-who form most of the group who have never worked (BMJ, 2009). It is obvious from this that unemployment can alter both our mental and physical state, and in Area X almost 40% of the population of children live in a workless household, which would also have an influence on these childrens quality of life. Table 3: Unemployment Area X Indicator Number Percentage Unemployed Claimants 360 5.8% Economically inactive 3,128 43.6% Children in workless households 1.010 38.9% (RDC Registrar Generals Census, 2001). The role and contribution of midwifery services in Area X are vital in supporting childbearing women and their families, through a holistic approach. It is very important that midwives had a good understanding of social, cultural and context differences so that they can respond to the womens needs in a variety of care settings This is attained by an integrated midwifery service being part of an expert multidisciplinary team, allowing midwives to draw on other organizations to meet the holistic needs of individual women and providing a complete range of services. (Fraser Cooper 2009, p. 7). Midwives in Area X use the local hospital, and local health centers for antenatal and postnatal clinics, as well as parentcraft classes, working along side hospital doctors and GPs. The GP usually confirms the pregnancy and thereafter, an appointment is given to the woman to be introduced to the community midwife for a Booking visit, as these midwives often better understand social situations through working in the area. The women are generally referred, by the GP, to either the local hospital or a nearby health clinic to meet one of the midwives who work in Area X. These midwives work in teams of around 5, covering 2 or 3 certain postcodes in Glasgow each, and each team named after a colour to make it simple for women and their families to understand which group of community midwives they will be receiving care from, e.g. The Blue Team. This system also works well as it allows a certain degree of continuity as each woman will only be seen by the community midwives in her allocated t eam. Continuity of carer and care has been a key policy principle since the early 1990s. Research evidence demonstrates that women value continuity of carer in the antenatal and postnatal period (Waldenstrom Turnbull 1998, Homer et al 2000, Page 2009). Working in Area X requires a high level of continuity in care as it has a lower social class and experiences problems related to pregnancy such as 49.9% of the population of Area X are smokers. Other statistics for Area X include 38.6% of women smoking during pregnancy, a total of 160 women over a 3 year total. It is well known by midwives and obstetricians that smoking in pregnancy is associated with well recognized health problems and as midwives usually have the most professional contact with pregnant women, they have an important role in providing this advice and support (Buckley, 2000). Glasgow has a very well-organised network of smoke-free pharmacy services who provide NRT for smoking cessation services. They monitor carbon monoxide levels on a weekly basis and only dispense NRT if the breath test is negative (Mcgowan et al, 2008). Smoking cessation services are provided for Area X by specialist midwives, allowing continuity during pregnancy. These midwives speak to the woman and let them know what is available, without pushing them into quitting, and find out what their thoughts and feelings are, focusing on how good it is when women want to stop smoking. The chief executive of ASH Scotland, Sheila Duffy, stated in 2010 life expectancy, health problems, smoking rates, and deaths fro m smoking are all markedly different between Scotlands richest and poorest communities. Research in Scotland has found that smoking is a greater source of health inequality than social class. This shows clearly that deprived areas such as Area X are at the greatest risk of being affected by smoking issues. 43% of adults who live in deprived areas smoke, compared with 9% in the least deprived areas and this is shown in the prevalence of tobacco related diseases and deaths. 32% of deaths in Scotlands most deprived areas are due to smoking compared to 15% in the most affluent (Duffy, 2010). This is also reflected in the rates of newborn deaths as the death rate for newborn babies is more than twice as high in deprived towns compared with affluent areas and the high rate of deaths in poor areas was linked to premature delivery or birth defects (BBC, 2010). This leads on to why so many pregnant women smoke in deprived areas, such as Area X. Smokers typically report that cigarettes calm t hem down when they are stressed and help them to concentrate and work more effectively (Jarvis, 2004), and this prospect could be highly desirable to those suffering from stress and anxiety due to financial problems and other socio-economic factors such as low employment, high crime rates, poor housing and poor health care. Graph 2: Nicotine intake and social deprivation. Data from health survey for England (1993, 1994, 1996) As reported in the recent Midwifery Practice Audit 1996-1997 (END, 1997), midwives are the lead professionals in providing care for childbearing women. However, midwives need to acknowledge that other health-care professionals also contribute to each womans experience. Midwives work together with other professionals within the primary health-care team, providing integrated approaches to care delivery. Midwives have to use their own skills and expertise with the knowledge of how to access the expertise of other practitioners when required, allowing the women to receive holistic care (Houston S M, 1998). In the recent programme of work Midwifery 2020, a statement was made that women should be cared for in a multi-agency and multi-professional environment and NHS providers should have a collaborative working relationship with all other agencies based on mutual trust and respect to ensure that women and families receive optimum support. They should also ensure clear understanding of role s and facilitate effective communication between professionals and other agencies (Midwifery 2020, 2010). The first booking visit for antenatal care is important and a successful visit lays the foundation for building that special relationship between mother and the midwifery services on which so much depends (Cronk Flint, 1989:ch2 p9). The visit enables the midwife to establish any physical, psychological or social needs that will form the basis of the womans plan of care. In area X, the booking visit also allows midwives to inform the woman about the Healthy Start programme. Healthy Start is the Department of Health Welfare Food Scheme that helps pregnant women and eligible families, with children under 5, buy milk, fresh fruit and vegetables, infant feeding formula milk, and receive free vitamin supplements (NHSGCC, 2010). This is a clear example of how health services have integrated to allow women all the benefits they are entitled to, helping them achieve the best possible ex perience throughout their pregnancy. As the pregnancy progresses, parentcraft education classes are offered to prepare women for the birth experience (Jamieson, 1993) and raise awareness to the advantages of breastfeeding, giving support to mothers who choose to breastfeed. Area X presents midwives with many teenage pregnancies and antenatal services should be flexible enough to meet the needs of all women, bearing in mind the needs of those from the most disadvantaged, vulnerable and less articulate groups in society are of equal if not more importance (Lewis, 2001). As Area X is a deprived area, this contributes greatly to the teenage pregnancy statistics and throughout the developed world, teenage pregnancy is more common among young people who have been disadvantaged in childhood and have poor expectations of education or the job market. Teenagers seem to be more likely to have sexual intercourse if they come from the lower social classes or unhappy home backgrounds. Another explanation may be that many young people lack accurate knowledge about contraception, STIs, what to expect in relationships and what it will mean to be a parent (Allen, 2002). There are also serious psychological concerns related to teenage pregnancy, which the midwives in Area X must address while working with these girls. The teenage years are a time of much change and difficulty without the added stress and anxiety of a pregnancy, birth and finally motherhood. It is a midwifes duty to give the necessary advice and proper holistic care, hopefully improving the service provision and having a good obstetric outcome. Comprehensive holistic antenatal care programmes specifically for pregnant teenagers have been found to be effective in reducing poor maternal outcomes (Fullerton, 1997). For teenage pregnancies in Area X, there is a specific midwife who will be contacted at the booking visit and will be a support network for girls 18 and under, available at all times for advice, encouraging continuity and individualized, spec ific care for young mums. To conclude, through writing this community profile on Area X, I have discovered how difficult it is to work as a midwife in the community, especially in a deprived area such as Area X. From reading a large variety of articles on the psychological and social effects of poverty on pregnancy, there is much evidence that poverty has a significant effect on midwifery practice, and these women need the best care plan possible to ensure a positive experience. By having an awareness of the restrictions poverty can inflict on pregnancy and childbirth, the midwife can adapt her skills and provide care accordingly, keeping in mind aspects such as smoking during pregnancy and teenage pregnancies (Salmon et al, 1998). There is a reoccurring trend throughout this community profile confirming the link between lower socio-economic status and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as prematurity, and the midwife is ideally placed to help identify and manage stresses, as it has been a very important conseq uence for the health and wellbeing of both mother and infant (Alderdice Lynn, 2009). Working in Area X on clinical placement has given me an insight into the importance of individualized care, as every woman is in a different situation and therefore has different needs, socially and psychologically. Some women may need more specialized care and support than others, however they are all of equal importance. Investigating the role of the midwifery service in Glasgow has opened my eyes to how both the midwives and the primary health care team deals with problems, and how without integrating health services, it would not be possible to give women the best possible care. Only by working as an integrated team with users will health inequalities be reduced, social exclusion be limited and public health become relevant and cost-effective (Henderson, 2002). The importance of involving women in decisions about their care has long been part of the everyday practice of midwives (Proctor, 1998) , and the importance of communication has been highlighted to me clearly throughout this community study, and through my placement, forcing me to realize how important it is for a midwife to fulfill her role. References: NHS Health Scotland (2004) Greater Shawlands; a community health and well-being profile [Online] Available at: http://www.scotpho.org.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=604sID=1268 [Accessed 16 December 2010] NHS Greater Glasgow, South East Glasgow Community Health and Care Partnership (2006) Health Improvement Plan 2006-07 Draft [Online] Available at: http://library.nhsggc.org.uk/mediaAssets/library/health_improvement_plan_2006-07_south_east_glasgow.pdf [Accessed 20 December 2010] NHS Evidence National Library of Guidelines (2008) Women centered care (position statement) [Online] Available at: http://www.library.nhs.uk/GUIDELINESFINDER/ViewResource.aspx?resID=30150 [Accessed 2 January 2011] Griffin K, Maternity, Gateshead Health NHS (2009) Pregnancy: Weight Matters [Online] Available at: http://www.gatesheadhealth.nhs.uk/patients-visitors/patient-leaflets/documents/Obstetrics/IL206%20Pregnancy%20Weight%20Matters.pdf [Accessed 2 January 2011] Fraser D M Cooper M A eds (2009) Myles Textbook for Midwives 15th ed. Churchill Livingstone, London Nursing Midwifery Council (2008) The code in full [Online] Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/aArticle.aspx?ArticleID=3056 [Accessed 2 January 2011] Walsh L V (2001) Midwifery: Community-Based Care During the Childbearing Year Saunders, USA Baston H A Green J M (2002) Community Midwives role perceptions British Journal of Midwifery, Vol 10, No1 Community Councils Glasgow, Arden, Carnwadric, Kennishead Old Darnley (2008) Local history and Geography [Online] Available at: http://www.communitycouncilsglasgow.org.uk/dack/PlainText/PlainText.aspx?SectionId=4bf12ad1-a06e-4f7f-9a24-1f7fc2522504 [Accessed 3 January 2011] Bond J Bond S (1994) Sociology and Health Care (2nd ed), Ch 4, p 70, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh Cronk M Flint C (1989) Community Midwifery: A Practical Guide, Ch2, p 9, Heinemann Nursing, Oxford Ewles L Simnett I (1992) Promoting Health: A Practical Guide, (2nd ed), Scutari Press, Middlesex Fuller G, Award Finalist: NHS Greater Glasgow (2005) Complementary Medicine [Online] Available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FAD0C2B3-5901-4AE5-A1B9-4524C770521B/0/pmawrd05nhs.pdf [Accessed 2 January 2011] BBC News Scotland (2009) Glasgow has the worst UK unemployment [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8000029.stm [Accessed 3 January 2011] Lowry S (1991) Housing and Health, British Medical Journal, London Blackburn C (1991) Poverty and Health, Ch 2, pp32-36, Open University Press, Buckingham Dorling D, BMJ (2009) Unemployment and Health [Online] Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b829.full [Accessed 3 January 2011] Houston S M (1999) Multi-professional education programmes in midwifery British Journal of Midwifery, Vol 7 No 1, p 32 NHS Scotland, Midwifery 2020 (2010) Core role of the Midwife Workstream [Online] Available at: http://www.midwifery2020.org/documents/2020/Core_Role.pdf [Accessed 4 January 2011] Homer, C et al. (2000) What do women feel about community based antenatal care? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24, pp. 590-595. Buckley E R (2000) Helping pregnant women stop smoking British Journal of Midwifery, Vol 8 No 10, pp. 101-103 Mcgowan A, Hamilton S, Barnett D, Nsofor M, Proudfoot J Tappin J M (2008) Breathe: The stop smoking service for pregnant women in Glasgow Midwifery 26, e1-e31, Elsevier, Glasgow ASH Scotland, Duffy S (2010) Deaths from smoking in deprived areas double that of affluent [Online] Available at: http://www.ashscotland.org.uk/media/recent-press-releases/deaths-from-smoking-double-in-deprived-areas [Accessed 4 January 2011] BBC News Health (2010) Newborn deaths higher in deprived areas [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11899900 [Accessed 4 January 2011] Jarvis M J (2004) Why people smoke British Medical Journal, Vol 328 No 7434 Lewis, G (ed) (2001) Why Mothers Die 1997- 1999: the fifth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. London: RCOD Press Fullerton D (1997) Preventing and reducing the adverse effects of teenage pregnancy. Health Visit 70(5): 197-9 Allen E J (2002) Aims and associations of reducing teenage pregnancy British Journal of Midwfery, Vol 11 No 6, pp.366-367 Salmon D Powell J (1998) Caring for women in poverty: a critical review British Journal of Midwifery, Vol 6 No 2, pp. 108-111 Alderdice F Lynn F (2009) Stress in pregnancy: identifying and supporting women British Joural of Midwifery, Vol 17 No9, p 553 Proctor S (1998) Womens reactions to their experience of maternity care British Journal of Midwifery, Vol 7 No 8, p 492 Henderson C (2002) The public health role of a midwife British Journal of Midwifery, Vol 10 No 5, p 268

School Violence and Safety Promotion :: School Violence Shootings Safety Essays

Increase in school violence Over the past several years, incidents of school violence have intensified. Disasters like the shootings at Columbine High School are not unheard of, and precautions for school safety are on the minds of numerous communities. Johnson and Johnson claim that â€Å"Teaching is different from what it used to be. Fifty years ago, the main disciplinary problems were running in the halls, talking out of turn, and chewing gum. Today’s transgressions include physical and verbal violence, incivility, and in some schools, drug abuse, robbery, assault, and murder† (1995). When examining school violence, researchers have begun to investigate how society has redefined violence as normal and acceptable, claiming that this is the root of the problem. In addition, I have considered other factors that lead to violence in schools. As violence increases, pressure for safe and orderly schools does the same. I feel that the first step to ensuring school safety is to work with the stud ents themselves to establish a safe school. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the occurrences of violence in schools across the United States and to articulate strategies to promote school safety. Two forms of school violence When assessing violence, it is important to know that it occurs in two major forms. First, violence can penetrate the climate of schools, allowing negative events to escalate into increasingly damaging patterns. The second form of school violence entails random mayhem, where the school is simply the setting (Hill & Hill, 19). An example of the latter form is the sniper shooting that occurred at Walt Whitman High School on October 8, 2002. Both forms of school violence among young people in society are increasing, forcing educators to search desperately for causes. Causes of school violence One cause of this increase in school violence is the fact that society is slowly beginning to redefine violence as normal and acceptable. What is probably most alarming is that violence is becoming so commonplace in many communities and schools that it is considered the norm rather than the exception. Johnson and Johnson believe that the media is most responsible for children falsely believing that violence is acceptable: Mass media influence how people view violence and deviant behavior. Some television shows obliterate or obscure the boundaries that society has created between good and evil, public and private, shame and pride (Abt & Seeholtz 1994)†¦Killing is sometimes portrayed as understandable and righteous when it advances a certain point of view on a controversial issue.

Memento opening scene

Memento is a film about a man, called Lenny, who seeks to find the man who raped and killed his wife during a burglary. What makes this harder for him is that he suffers from short-term memory loss. To cope with his condition, he takes many photographs with his Polaroid camera and tattoos his body in order to direct him to the man who killed his wife. The film is directed by Christopher Nolan, and Guy Pearce stars as Lenny. The film opens with slow, peaceful music. The music chosen by Nolan is perfect; it gives the audience a calm peaceful atmosphere, settling the audience to contrast what is to come soon on. Additionally, as one note changes to the other, the previous note can still be heard, fading into the background until gone, much like Lenny's memory. The credits fade into blue, and then fade out to white. This is a perfect representation of Lenny's memory; because as he learns about the past it quickly fades away. The choice of colours Nolan chose are very effective. White represents purity and innocence, this is chosen well as Lenny believes he is doing the right thing, yet he lacks depth stability to hold onto his memories, which is commonly associated with the colour blue. After part of the credits, a Polaroid picture appears on the screen. Held by a clean, gentle looking hand. On the picture, we see a dead body, with large amounts of blood on the wall behind it. Nolan does this to make the audience feel the aggression and power of the kill. Despite this, the calm and peaceful atmosphere still lingers, the music still plays and we notice the background is green, unlike the white background in the picture. This and safe looking hand, gives the audience some distance from the murder, making them feel safer and further away from the murder. Because of this, the audience will feel upset for the Lenny who is holding it. Lenny begins shaking the Polaroid, and the ink begins to fade away. This tells the audience that the scene is actually in reverse. Nolan does this because we, like Lenny, do not know any events that have occurred in the past. The audience also learn at this point that the movie will be is a ‘reverse mode'. The scenes are chronologically going in reverse but they are actually played forwards. The ink fades from the Polaroid completely, and the camera angle changes and begins to follow the Polaroid until the picture was taken. Once Lenny moves the camera from his face, the audience sees Lenny for the first time. He looks nervous, and the scratch on his face discourages us from believing that the clean hand holding the photo earlier is actually him. Also the music stops at the camera flash, and the audience feelings change to the new music playing; eerie and suspicious. The hand was misleading, as well as the colour of the walls seen in the previous shot. This makes the audience become suspicious about Lenny, and to wonder why he is really there. Our feelings for Lenny have completely changed as we discover more about him. The audience first felt that he was a good guy, but now the audience are starting to believe that Lenny is a cold-hearted murdered. Nolan arouses these suspicious to draw the audience into the story. Nolan gives hints in the scene that Lenny has killed before. Firstly, when we see his face, his expression is rather dull and emotionless, and shows no regret or guilt what so ever. Nolan also makes a clear connection between the camera and a gun. For example, Lenny slips his camera out of the inside of his jacket like it was a gun. The camera flash also sounds like a bullet is being fired. Furthermore this heightens our feelings on Lenny, making us even more suspicious about Lenny. As the scene goes on, we see blood climbing up Teddy's skin. This is a very powerful clip as it extends the brutality seen previously in the Polaroid. The gore of it sends the audience a shock, and emphasis the power of the kill. The extreme close up of the bullet overpowers the audience, and leaves a cold shadow over them. It informs the audience that it was defiantly murder that had taken place, and that it was by a gun. The glasses, thought bloodstained and cracked, stereotype an intelligent, good person. We assume that whomever they belonged too was innocent of death, and therefore making the audience feel worse about Lenny. Glasses usually help one to see better, yet with no face behind them the audience themselves find it hard to see the mystery of the man, and therefore making his death seem unreasonable. The low angle shot of Lenny makes the audience feel smaller than he is, making him seem more dominant, powerful and threatening. Nolan does this to keep pressuring the thought on the audience that Lenny is the killer. In conclusion, Nolan uses many effects in the first scene to establish a general feeling from the audience, that Lenny is a killer. Nolan has used various types of effects to deliver his messages.

Research and Evaluation essays

Research and Evaluation essays The article containing the hypothesis used by the research study this paper will discuss is the Teachers' Gestures Facilitate Students' Learning: A Lesson in Symmetry, authored by Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky. The research study, on the other hand, has a document title of Understanding Change in Mathematical Reasoning: Evidence from Speech and Gesture, Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky's article hypothesized that teacher's gestures, as accompanied by speech, enables students to improve comprehension skills and learning abilities. They explained that gestures are forms of abstract that provide supplementary information to students. Through pointing to objects or making hand motions relevant to what is currently being spoken, students can develop association of information Based from the results of a conducted experiment by Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky, they came up with the hypothesis that gestures facilitate students' learning. They carried out an experiment where children are asked to view two types of videotaped lecture on symmetry. The first type shows an explanation using speech and gesture, while the second type shows an explanation using speech alone. After viewing the videotapes, Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky found that the children who viewed the speech-and- gesture lecture showed more understanding on symmetry and asymmetry. Valenzeno, Alibali, and Klatzky's hypothesis was used in Martha Alibali's research study. Martha Alibali's paper aims to provide evidences and inferences from written articles and studies on the effectiveness of applying gestures in speech while conveying Martha Alibali used a number of references to validate her study, and one of the references she used is Valenzeno et.al's article. Her study aims to investigate the effects of using non-verbal communication with verbal ...

Free Essays on Abortions a Matter of Choise

Abortion A MATTER OF CHOICE The topic of abortion is one of the most controversial of our times. It has caused countless deaths and several violent confrontations between the two separate parties of opinion. The fight between pro-life and pro-choice supporters has been long and brutal. This is because, despite what several people may believe, abortion is neither right nor wrong. It is a matter of personal opinion. In this way, each side can say with certainty that the other is wrong. Therefore the question remains; should abortion be legal? Though some may disagree on this point, the fact is that legalized abortion is the only option that will protect the lives of American citizens. One only needs to look into American history to see the results of prohibiting abortions to women. The violence which occurs today because the of pro-choice/pro-life conflicts is minimal in comparison to the thousands of hopeless women who turned to the illegal abortions either self-inflicted or preformed by the backroom _______________________________________________... Free Essays on Abortions a Matter of Choise Free Essays on Abortions a Matter of Choise Abortion A MATTER OF CHOICE The topic of abortion is one of the most controversial of our times. It has caused countless deaths and several violent confrontations between the two separate parties of opinion. The fight between pro-life and pro-choice supporters has been long and brutal. This is because, despite what several people may believe, abortion is neither right nor wrong. It is a matter of personal opinion. In this way, each side can say with certainty that the other is wrong. Therefore the question remains; should abortion be legal? Though some may disagree on this point, the fact is that legalized abortion is the only option that will protect the lives of American citizens. One only needs to look into American history to see the results of prohibiting abortions to women. The violence which occurs today because the of pro-choice/pro-life conflicts is minimal in comparison to the thousands of hopeless women who turned to the illegal abortions either self-inflicted or preformed by the backroom _______________________________________________...

Programming MS Excel to freeze panes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Programming MS Excel to freeze panes - Article Example The same applies to when applying to more than one column. However, to implement freezing panes on the first column, you choose the first column under the freeze submenu. After using the freeze panes, in either case, you remove by selecting unfreeze panes. The purpose of using freezing panes is to maintain your track on cells, and rows or columns of data that you feel are vital when making navigations through the worksheet. Further, it is very vital when working with an extreme number of rows and columns. It is so because irrespective of where you are scrolling, the headings will always be visible thus making it easier to relate where the data belongs. The user is said to remain in perspective with the data concerned. Freezing panes differs from the views in the database. First, freezing panes aims to keep a section of the worksheet visible i.e. keep its state constant to allow the user to relate to other parts of the worksheet especially when there are many columns and rows involved. Views, on the other hand, retrieve information from data store that meets the particular criterion. In essence, database views are more flexible (Lightstone, Teorey & Nadeau, 2007). The results it can return is custom to users needs and covers a wider scope as compared to freezing panes in Excel that has a predefined way of using it. Further, freezing panes is strictly restricted to navigation where some section is mobile while the others are constant whereas views deal with

See attach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See attach - Essay Example According to the play paragraph presented, the relation between the speaker and other people has been affected by his mentality or perception towards them. He sees other people as advantaged having compared his daily occurrences to theirs. According to his perception, his life occurrences are the worst compared to any other person. All these can be proven by the utterances in the last four sentences of the given play paragraph. The speaker in the last paragraph of the play admits that he cannot meet his full objective based on his personality and set to fake and try a new pattern. As per my perception, the speaker is very intelligent and trusts his personality. This can be proven by his words in the first three sentences that he is determined to prove villain since he cannot prove a lover in the fair well-spoken days (Wells, 32). The speaker is a hard working and determined person. His change of pattern shows that he is a character that can go to extreme to achieve his desire. This can be explained by his utterance in the seventh sentence of the given paragraph. In this sentence, the speaker plots to set his brother Clarence and the king in a deadly hate to prove villain (Wells, 32). Comparing the two lines of the play paragraphs, the speaker failed in accomplishing his life desire in the right path as those who chose the villain path succeed. This has brought a change in the speaker’s perception about his personality that he is set to abandon his personality achieve his desire. The soul reason is to prove villain and drive people back to reality. As per my perception, induction is always the best mode of logical thought though surrounded by minor setbacks (Wells, 34). Induction is a slow process that is based on reality while deduction is based on presumption that tends to drive people to the shortest way possible to achieve their life desire. According to the first paragraph, the

Substance use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Substance use - Essay Example On the other hand the parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart rate, causes papillary constriction, and increases digestion. 2. List and explain three mechanisms by which drug tolerance might occur.  (One paragraph-at least 4 sentences) Drug tolerance occurs through different ways in the body. Three major mechanisms of drug tolerance go down to the molecular level. It can occur when the degradation enzymes for a specific drug are increased in the body and this result in the destruction of the drug before it begins its action. In another mechanism the receptors for the drug are removed temporarily or the down regulation of receptors occurs. These receptors are necessary for the action of the drug and decreased receptors might result in drug tolerance. Enhanced excretion of the drug is the third mechanism through which tolerance to the drug occurs. Excretion of the drug increases when the tolerance to it increases. 3. Discuss why current laws on crack possession have been criti cized. Include at least three of these criticisms.  (One paragraph-at least 4 sentences) Current laws on crack possession have been criticized by many because the same laws for crack in the powder form are lenient. Critics put forward that crack in powder form should also be penalized in the same way as normal crack is.

Patient Interview Essay Example for Free

Patient Interview Essay Enable to conduct a study that could represent the population of hypertensive people, the researchers decided to divide themselves into two. This is for the purpose of having participants from two different locations. The first group was designated to obtain three patients from the clinic whereas the second group was assigned to attain at least 2 more patients from the university. The former was able to able to approach ten people hence only a ratio of 1:3 agreed to participate. The latter, on the other hand, manage to found two participants out of the eight people they have approached. Both groups of researchers followed the same approach in inviting their potential participants. Most of the participants were either patients in the clinic or employees of the university. The researchers explain the purpose and format of the interview, the terms of confidentiality, and how long will the intended interviews lasts. After the patient interviewee agreed to participate, they had lead to a less noisy environment within the vicinity of both the clinic and the university. The Patients Patient number 1 is a 63-years old man. His ethnicity falls under the African-American category. He has completed his graduate school and was now a successful businessman. He has been diagnosed to have Diabetes Mellitus two years ago and a known hypertensive at the early age of 36. He is insured under the Health Maintenance Organization or what commonly known as HMO. Patient number 2 is a 47-years old female. She originates from Canada. She’s a high school graduate and was now working as a cashier. She claims she doesn’t have any disease at all. This patient has no insurance of any kind. Patient Number 3 is a 58-years old Chinese Professor. He has recently been diagnosed to have renal problem, which could eventually lead to end-stage renal disease if not properly addressed. He has also mentioned that he has some fluctuating blood pressure readings over the past three years. As for his insurance, he was under Medicare. Patient Number 4 is a 37 years old factory worker from Sweden. He claimed he was a known hypertensive since the age of 30 because of his fondness to eat fatty foods. He doesn’t have any insurance at all. Patient Number 5 is a 70-year old retired engineer, who originates from Australia. Although old, he claimed that he was still in the pink of health except for his arthritis. This patient is insured under HMO, that he says he’s not worried if ever he would have illness in the future. These five patients came from different walks of life. But their knowledge and belief about their condition varies slightly. The study showed that the most prevalent issues among the participants were how they conceive the seriousness of having elevated blood pressure. Most of the participants were unaware of its complications. How can these patients be cured if they haven’t felt the danger it can bring to their lives? The first step to healing any disease state no matter how tough it is; is the knowledge of disease, identifying cause, risk factors of worsening the disease and barriers preventing the cure of the disease (Alexander, 2003). When these patients got to know their real health state, awareness follows. By doing so they can be able to grasp the notion of their actual condition Another issue that surfaced among the participants is the misconceptions they have about the origin and cause of hypertension. Many patients often perceive their illness as a burden they will carry out all their lives and that no matter what they do, they won’t achieve a normal state. This perception affects patients negatively because it impacts on their compliance; these perceptions and feelings make patients lose hope of curing (Ross, 2004). This is not true however, patients with hypertension might have the disease all throughout their lives but it can be kept under controlled. In addition, poor control was due to other lifestyles that patients were practicing (Egan, 2003). So with the right lifestyle, management and compliance, hypertension can stay at bay side for the rest of their lives. For any medical intervention to be effective, trust and communication between the healthcare provider and patients is a vital aspect. The interventions discussed would be very much beneficial to combat the increasing incidence of hypertension among the productive and elderly population. By distributing pamphlets that contained details regarding how to take medicines and obtain blood pressure through the use of blood pressure apparatus, we are escalating their awareness for self-care and evaluation as well. Moreover, thru this dissemination of information we can constitute reinforcement on patient’s education on how to be conscious of their health state. But one aspect should be included in that method. People should be taught regarding the normal blood pressure range and how an increase or decrease of this range can affect their whole being. The most significant contribution of this method is that, not only will it be beneficial to people with hypertension but it can also helps to identify those people who is unaware that they might already be suffering from elevated blood pressure. It is important to note here that educating patients about general knowledge and awareness is not enough to effectively treat or control hypertension. Patients should be thought to recognize and adhere to the importance of following their blood pressure readings daily to well control their state and prevent any worsening that could take place. Focusing on educating patients will for sure prevent the progression to strokes and heart diseases (Oliveria, 2004). As for the implementation of mandatory course, it will also be imperative to have this method of intervention because it can obliterate misconceptions. Many people think that having hypertension is not a serious state. By obligating them to attend courses they can be made aware that hypertension can lead to a more life threatening conditions like strokes and heart attacks. It is true indeed that when patient understands their condition, compliance is better as compared to those who do not have any idea of their real health status. But there is a drawback here; the course should be as simplified as possible. Because illiteracy is increasing worldwide, subsequently many patients won’t be able to understand complicated and technical words. Low literate patients will not be able to fully manage or comprehend medical devices to track of disease progression and prevent worsening of status (Williams, 1998). Keeping a diary of everyday’s intake and activity can lead to a more personal and specialized management. Thus it can lead in identifying what activity or food can be minimized to obtain the necessary result. In general, education brings awareness and can then lead to better compliance.

Challenges Affecting International Students in Australia Essays

Challenges affecting international students in Australia 1.0 Challenges facing international students in Australia 1.1 Introduction The need for higher education has prompted many students to seek further studies in international colleges outside their countries and Australia has become an academic hub for international students who mostly come from developing nations in Asia and Africa. The students, once they secure a place in this schools, they are subjected to a new environment which comes with different challenges. International students in Australia have become an integral part of the society both social and economical. However the students face a myriad of challenges before fully adopting to the new learning culture. In this report, the focus is centered in the analysis of challenges facing the international students in Australia and strategies the institutions and students have resolved to use to address the problems. The case reviews the social as well as economic factors which affect these students in the processes of their academic pursuits. 1.2 Social Issues 1.2.1 Language Barrier: There are several social issues that affect the international students in Australia. The major social issue is basically language barrier. According to Sawir (2005), prior research indicates that many international students from Asia, studying in Australia, face serious learning difficulties and lack confidence in speaking and taking a proactive role in classrooms and surrounding environment. Language barrier creates communication barriers between the lecturers and some students especially from Asian countries and can lead to dismal academic performance while at the same time separating themselves from mainstream society. The... ...on to the students about the university and its environment, before enrolment. Offering part-time job placement and coordinating with surrounding firms to assist the students can be of great help to the society. 3.0 References Marginson, S, Deumert, A, Nyland, C, Gaby Ramia & Sawir, E, The Social and Economic Security of international students in Australia: Study of 202 student cases, Monash Institute for the Study of Global Movement, Monash University Morris, J, E, 2009, Approaches and strategies to foster a culture of academic honesty: how can we help students develop an understanding of good academic practice? Oxford, United Kingdom Higher Education Academy Sawir, E, 2005, Language difficulties of international students in Australia: The effects of prior learning experience, Australia, Education Faculty, Monash University

How Communication Affects Relationships Essay

Communication affects relationships at work in a big way. Communicating in a positive manner will give me a very different response to communicating in a negative manner, it is also important that I alter the way i communicate dependant on who I am speaking to as everybody will respond differently to different styles and variations of communication. One of the parts of my job is to communicate with my colleagues. I must insure that as the environment I work in can and often is stressful, that I speak in a calm manner and that I am clear and concise. By doing this I lessen the chance of information that I passed on being misheard or misunderstood and by being calm I have a reassuring effect on my colleagues. When speaking to families of patient I must insure that I an understanding and come across friendly and professional as a good relationship with a patient’s family can have positive effects on the patients because it is important that families understand the patients treatment plan and how they can have positive influence on the patient. I must communicate with the patients in the most effective way possible. As a health Care worker I need to be able to build trust and a good relationship with those I look after. It is important that I use variation of communication skills to relay what I am trying to get across, this will help the patient understand what is be communicated and in turn will help the patient communicate there needs.

Outline the Level of Engery Security in the Uk

Assess the level of energy security in the UK Energy security is defined as the extent to which an affordable, reliable and stable energy supply can be achieved. Over the last few decades, the energy situation in the UK has constantly been changing, from producing enough oil and natural gas to be a net exporter of both fuels to now being on the brink of not importing and producing enough energy to meet the nations’ demands.The past decades of the UK’s energy were probably brighter days than what we can look forward to in the future, with one researcher from Cambridge University, Professor David MacKay, suggesting the UK could face severe blackouts by 2016 (UK ‘could face blackouts by 2016’ – BBC News Sept 2009). Although the general use of energy in the UK has not increased huge amounts, with per capita usage in 1965 at 3. 6 tonnes oil equivalent per year and in 2005 at 3. 8 tonnes oil equivalent, the energy security of the UK has worsened considerab ly.As global population increases and more countries are using larger amounts of fossil fuels to meet their energy demands, the UK is limited to the amount it can import and is put under pressure to use more renewable sources of energy. Problems within geopolitics has also caused problems for the UK’s energy security as prices fluctuate, changing the amount of oil we can export and how much we have to pay for our imported energy. Past When BP records began, the UK was getting 98% of its primary energy from burning fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal mainly due to the increasing transportation and power generation sectors.Pre-1976, the UK was a large importer of oil due to the fact there were very few known oil sources that could be used domestically. In the following years North Sea oil was discovered and production got underway, meaning the UK could gradually reduce their imports and rely more on domestic oil. Within a few years, in 1981 the UK had become a net expor ter of oil showing that at this time there was no major issue with energy security but instead that there was a surplus and a chance to make some money. The use of natural gas in the UK did not get started until 1968 and production was thriving for 30 years ntil its peak in 2000 and then saw a gradual decline. The UK imported very little gas, and most of the gas produced from the North Sea was consumed in the UK and only for a brief period did the UK actually export natural gas. During the peak times of natural gas production, it was introduced as a replacement for coal for home heating and power generation as it’s a much cleaner source of energy and could help to reduce the air pollution in cities. Up until 1995 the UK imported some natural gas from Holland and Norway which could also be an important connection for the future.In the 60s, coal was the UKs main source of primary energy, accounting for around 60% of the daily consumption, but by 1999 this number had declined to just 16%, showing how the UK had found other sources of energy giving a much larger diversity to their energy consumption. If you were to give the UK a score for the energy security index for this period, it would probably be a similar score to today but for different reasons. The diversity score would be much lower as it is clear that the UK relied on coal, oil and gas and got very little energy from any other sources.However, the availability score would be much higher because we relied much less on imports and the majority of energy consumed was produced domestically. Present In 2006, the percentage of primary energy that comes from oil, coal and gas had reduced from 98% to 92%, showing that UK had introduced new renewable schemes and were increasing their diversity. Over the past 4 decades, population has increased from 54,350,000 to 60,245,000 but the per capita consumption has remained fairly constant with a slight increase to 3. 8 tonnes oil equivalent.Although the UK was re lying less on oil and gas consumption, we had once become a net importer of oil in 2006, when North Sea Oil production had started to decline. The falling production and rising prices of oil are predicted to have a huge negative effect on the UK’s economy. We could see a ? 5 billion profit in 2000 to a deficit of over ? 20 billion by 2012. It is estimated that there are still 20 billion barrels of oil available to exploit, but there is a worry that in the competitive market, investment is likely to go to other places in the world and this oil could go to waste. There are also worries that with the declining production nd increased reliance on imports that our oil supply could be limited. There is hope that drilling in the Falkland Islands will produce enough oil to pay-off the billion pound deficit. The UK is also having serious problems with coal and gas production which is leading to even more imports. We have once again become a net importer of both fuels, and as the marke t becomes more competitive these fuels will sell themselves to the highest bidders meaning that everyone in the UK will have to start paying more for their energy. Many people are starting to question why we do not use more renewable energy sources like wind, solar or nuclear energy.Critics say that we shouldn’t rely on wind energy because of its intermittent nature and it would make more sense to spend the money on improving nuclear technologies. The argument for nuclear energy is a controversial one however as people have heard worrying things about nuclear power plants. ‘As long as you don’t mention the words Chernobyl, or nuclear waste, or planning permission’ (Association of Commercial Energy Assessors (ACEA) 2011) nobody would have major problems with nuclear energy but would instead see an opportunity to produce lots of cost-effective, clean energy.A report from the Lords economic affairs committee has also suggested it would be worth while spending money on new power plants that are ‘connected to carbon capture and storage schemes’. This report also attacked the government’s plans of relying more on clean energy sources, saying that it is a way of ignoring the UK’s energy crisis and could also start costing households and extra ? 80 per year. It is clear that at this moment in time, the UK is fairly energy insecure as it has a massive reliance on foreign imports and the diversity of energy sources is fairly limited.Energy security has become a key issue for the government and there are plans in place to try and sort the problem. Future/Key Concerns Perhaps the biggest worry for the UK’s energy future is highlighted in the book ‘Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air’ by Professor David MacKay, where MacKay says the UK ‘could face blackouts by 2016’. The book concluded with the fact that the projections for power stations and new technologies does not add up and ‘not enough power capacity is being built’. He told BBCNews this could happen while coal and nuclear power stations come to the end of their productive lives and are phased out. Professor MacKay believes we need to invest more money into renewable and blames the public, for rejecting proposals of wind farms and nuclear power plants while demanding a unchanged lifestyle, for the possible energy problems. He also says how he thinks the blackouts could be the only way to get people to realise that we need to invest in modern nuclear technology and other clean sources of energy, rather than relying on the limited supplies of coal, oil and gas.In another report, written by Ian Fells (a professor at the University of Newcastle), the point about the blackouts was reinforced and the extent to which it could cause huge problems for the UK was made evident when he said ‘We had a power cut in 2003 for about 12 hours in the City of London – the consequential loss w as about ? 700m because everything stops. All you IT stops, the stock market doesn’t work. ’ This shows the economic losses of 12 hours of blackouts in just the City of London, so the threat of national blackouts for days would cost the UK economy billions of pounds.Fells’ report shows the same gloomy future as Professor MacKay’s book, with worries that over the next decade the UK will lose one third of its electricity producing capacity as we won’t have the renewable energy to cope and nuclear power stations won’t be ready. Fells also makes a point about how we will have to keep many nuclear and coal-fired power stations open long past their ‘sell-by-date’ which would not be good for the environment. Fells believes the controversial Kings North power station in Kent could also be needed, but it would need to be fitted with carbon capture and storage technology before it was brought into use.Ofgem have produced a major report on Britain’s energy supplies, to which it was concluded that by 2015 we will be hit by a ‘perfect storm’ that could cost the UK at least ? 200 billion to secure our energy supplies but to also meet carbon emissions targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. Conclusion Over the past 5 decades, the UKs energy situation has never been great, we have always relied on some foreign imports and we have never really introduced any major renewable energy schemes.However, our energy security has become progressively worse and is predicted to get worse still. If we do not start to introduce some more nuclear plants or renewable energy schemes then we will have very little energy available to us as oil prices rise and supplies run low. Power is soon to become a very expensive commodity as we try to cope with the challenge of rapid growth and so it is certain that very soon everyone in the UK will have to start paying more for their power.