Unanswered Prayers Essay Example for Free

Unanswered Prayers EssaySome heap claim that when they pray, they can liveliness Gods presence, and that he is listening. These people are usually Christians. However, other people say that when they pray in church and at home, they can non feel Gods presence. This can sometimes cultivate them feel like they are doing something wrong, such as they are not praying correctly, or just that God simply does not exist, so there is no God to listen to the prayers.This whitethorn lead them to ask for advice from people who are strong and faithful Christians, and try harder when they are praying. However, if they still dont feel the presence of God when praying, they may jump to question the actual existence of God. This can sometimes lead to agnosticism or atheism. Another reason that may lead people to believe that there is no God are nonreciprocal prayers. Christians believe that God answers their prayers, and loves and cares for everyone.In church, they may be given slips of a nswered prayers. For example many Catholic Christians believe that St Jude is the patron saint for those who have no other hope of help. However, when some people pray, their prayers are not answered and they may begin the wonder about a God who answers some peoples prayers, but not others. For example a young missionary couple asked the members of their church to pray that they would have a safe journey to their new posting in Nepal.However, the plane crashed killing them and their three young children. Examples like this may see people ask why God answers only some peoples prayers, and not everyones prayers. They may come to the conclusion that God is in fact bad, and does not care for everyone on Earth. It mogul make them believe that God just cant answer everyones prayers, as some prayers are selfish, and answering them would come with great consequences. However, it might trigger them to come to the conclusion that God just simply does not exist.They might believe that, if so meone prays for their child to be cured of cancer, then surely it would be a good enough cause for their prayer to be answered. If the child still dies, the childs parents might believe that God does not exist, because the God they were told of would not let a small child die. This leads to atheism, as they will eventually come to the conclusion, that if prayers are unanswered regularly, then there must be no God.

Ohms law Essay Example for Free

Ohms law EssayPredictions 1. The longer the wire, the more it will resist the flow of electrons 2. The wider the wire the less rampart it sh whole engage. 3. Copper will be the wire which has the less resistance. 4. The different types of wire will have different levels of resistance. Accuracy I am intending to also get a reading for the aloofness zero also using the crocodile clips and keeping the locomote identical. This shall be my control. I suspect that there will be resistance both in the circuit wires and in the multimeters. This will mean that the values obtained for resistance of the wire shall be slightly too high.By subtracting the resistance value of the circuit wire from the resistance calculations I will get a more accurate set of results. as well as I intend to draw a best check into line for my results, if all the points be slightly too high the gradient will be dramatically altered. The way in which the readings are being taken is designed so that the re adings are random but in an orderly way so that I can spot any mistakes. regularity Method used The method used was identical to that explained under the planning section, above. The results (i. e. readings on the multimeters), were taken bring and put into tables. The results were as followsResults For nickel chromium wire, SWG 30 space (cm) Width (mm) Current Readings (Amps) Voltage Readings (Volts) T3Length (cm) Width (mm) Current Readings (Amps) Voltage Readings (Volts) For nickel chromium wire, SWG 22 Length (cm) Width (mm) Current Readings (Amps) Voltage Readings (Volts) For copper wire, swg 30 Length (cm) Width (mm) Current Readings (Amps) Voltage Readings (Volts) canvass 1 Try 2 Try 3 Ave. Try 1 Try 2 Try 3 Ave. For constantan wire, swg 30 Length (cm) Width (mm).Current Readings (Amps) Voltage Readings (Volts) For manganane wire, swg 30 Length (cm) Width (mm) Current Readings (Amps) Voltage Readings (Volts) Resistance values For plate chromium Wire, SWG 30 Length (cm) C urrent (A) Voltage (V) Resistance (? )For plate Chromium Wire, SWG 28 Length (cm) Current (A) Voltage (V) Resistance (? ) For Nickel Chromium Wire, SWG 24 Length (cm) Current (A) Voltage (V)Resistance (? )Patterns and trends It can be quite clearly seen in most of my results that when a interpret of length and resistance are plotted the result is a straightaway line. In my case I have obtained a scatter graph with a very strong irresponsible correlation. In graph 1 It can be seen that there are four straight lines passing through the origin. These straight lines are the values for Nickel Chromium at different gauges. The gauge values are as followsGauge Diameter (mm) graph two, it can seen that this is not a relationship of exact proportionality as the correlation doesnt point towards the origin. Also from graph one, it can be seen that the resistance increases as the length does. All these lines are straight and they all pass through the origin, so I think it is appropriate to conclude that Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire. Finally it can be seen from graph three that the resistance in different types of wire varies according to the type.Keeping the gauge constant this was tested and the results were as follows Nickel Chromium is the most resistant, Manganane is the stand by most resistance, Constantan is third, And the least resistant is copper. All the evidence her proves that my results agree with my hypothesis. (c. f. section P). Evaluation Reliability The reliability of these results is quite good. This is because the procedure is relatively straight forward, and the numbers are not difficult to record. I think the results are certainly reliable enough to support both of my conclusions firmly. Anomalus results.There are a few anomalus results throughout the experiment. The resistance values in the table are not always increasing, and this is not always occurring at a steady rate. grievous example of which are the readi ngs for 40 and 50 cm on the copper wire. I think that this is just a mistake in taking down the results or possibly we didnt wait foe the voltmeter to stabilize. Experimental errors These could include many things, the most likely of which are a short circuit, The wire may have heated up causing less resistance, and the readings on the multimeters could have been inaccurate.Further work This could include finding a more varied set of results, interrogatory more types of wires. It could also include taking more readings to get better averages. I would suggest using all the rest of the equipment in the same way. Also one could try to investigate temperature changes by using insulated wires and a tray of cold/warm or hot water. Show prevue only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

The Tudor Life In England History Essay

The Tudor Life In England History EssayPeople abusing the person in the pilloryThe Pillory and the Stocks the pillory is a t-shaped box where the victim would status their head and arms inside. As others passed by they would throw food at the person and taunt and jeer at he/she, it was very humiliating. The stocks were utilize the same way, except that their feet were bound.http//www.duhaime.org/Portals/duhaime/images/pillory.jpgDucking stools (especially for those women accused of witchcraft) Accused witches, were tested. They were dunked into a river to see if they were innocent or guilty. If the women had flo taked, they were considered a witch and would be sentenced to be burnt at stake, if they sunk, then they were innocent. Unfortunately if the women were innocent, she would have drowned anyway.Boiling in oil water or lead (usually reserved for poisoners) for attempted murder you could be sentenced of the punishment of world boiled alive in hot water or lead.Cutting off va rious parts of the anatomy nose, hands, ears etc depending on the crimes committed, you could be sentenced to decapitation of your corpse parts. If someone stole from the market, they could get their hand(s) chopped off.The gossips b relievele or the brankThe Gossips Bridle or the Brank for women who gossiped or spoke to freely, they would place a large iron model over their heads, which formed a type of cage. There was a metal stripped placed so it could fit inside the m bring outh, and it would either have been alter or placed with spikes to a accredited extent so that any movement of the tongue would inflict much pain and damage.woman wearing a brankThe Drunkards block out the punishment for public drunkenness, is quite astonishing. The drunk would be forced and fitted into a don barrel and wander through the town while local anaesthetic villagers laughed and taunted the drunk. outsize holes were cut for the persons feet, head and arms.Being beaten for sorry Tudors who b egged, they would be beaten until they passed the stones that marked the town parish boundary. The result was very gruesome and so were the beatings.Beheading behead was considered less degrading, noblemen would generally be placed with punishment of beheading. Sometimes it took several blows just to decapitate the head. The head would sometimes be placed on spikes on the London Bridge or other areas. This punishment was held in public for many to witness.Tudor coachsNot many children attended school, as they were mostly poor or had too much work in their lives (like farming). Although those that did go to school were mainly sons of wealthy and noble families. Remember that only boys would mostly go to school, as it usually wasnt considered worth the money to send a girl to school. Girls would either be kept home, attending with the house work or sent out to make money for their family.There were 2 types of schools in Tudor timesThe petty school ( teaching young children to read)T he grammar school (teaching the children Latin and mathematics, religion etc)Boys began their school at the age of 4 and moved to grammar school when they were 7 years old. Basically it was meant that boys were educated to work, as girls were taught for marriage and operating a household.Boys were to attend 6 days a week. School started at 700 am in winter and 600 am in summer, both ending at 500 pm. This was a very large amount of time spent for the boys.Unfortunately no long holidays were offered to the boys. Schools would close for 16 days at Christmas and a unawares 12 days at Easter, and there were no summer holidays.A Tudor class could contain up to as many as 60 pupils Much of the time was spent learning long pas discernings from textbooks by heart, not only would this keep them quiet, but it would alike save currency on purchase books. The main subjects Tudor classes learnt were Latin, Arithmetic, Divinity (religious Study), and English literature.Pupils would have to do writing with quill pens make from feathers, which would have to be sharpened frequently to make it work.Teachers were super strict with tolerance of the boys. They would often beat the boys with birches if they did wrong. A birch is specially designed type of cane used to inflict a lot of pain. It wasnt a useful method as some pupils would be too scared to attend school because of the beatings. Teachers used to give 50 strokes of the birch. But for wealthy pupils they could put up with a whipping boy and whenever the wealthy pupil got in trouble, the whipping boy would receive the consequence.For school sports, it was a custom to bring money on Shrove Tuesday. Where then the schoolmaster would get a fighting cock and tie it to a post. The game was that the boys where to take turns throwing sticks at the cock. If a boy discharge the cock, it was his. If everybody hit the cock it belonged to the school master.Tudor cures/medicinesTudor times were very unhealthy. And from that it produced many illnesses and ridiculous cures. Following are some reasons why many Tudors had health issues exonerated sewers ran through the streets and carried many diseasesToilets were only a hole in the ground outside the owners back door.Water came from village pumps, which meant that the water was taken from a local river, and that river would be full of filth from the town.Country people developed their own medicines for a cheap price, using herbs. But would you realise that you are buying from a person who didnt know the importance of washing their hands when handling your medicine.The Tudors did not realise that plagues were carried by fleas, making it harder to produce cures.People who travelled across certain areas carried different diseases that would spread to others and so on, causing a pandemic.The streets and villages were not so well looked after. Homeless people would sleep on the streets people would get rid of their garbage in unhygienic ways. Littering on the st reets was also a problem.These common illnesses had very interesting Methods of curing themHeadache drink a mixture of lavender, bay, rue, roses, sage and marjoram. Or press a hangmans rope to your headBad chest consume a mix of the herbs thyme, campanula and hyssop.Rheumatism wear the skin of a donkeyGout (swollen foot) capture a red haired dog and boil it in oil, also add worms, pigs marrow and herbs. Make it a mixture and place it on the affected area of the footDeafness make a mixture of the gall of a hare and the grease of a fox, then implement in the ear.Baldness shave the head and smear with the grease of a fox. Or wash the head with a mixture of juice beetles. Or, crush garlic and gently rub it in the head and wash in vinegar.Plague place the herb, rue alongside your windowsill.Small pox hang red curtains near the bed of the patient apparently the red light is the cure. Or burn leather which produces smoke to kill off the plague.Head lice pour the liquid baccy juice onto your scalpJaundice (bad liver) carefully swallow nine lice dipped in ale, continue this each morning for a week.Tudor foodTudor women, men and children in England drank beer, sherry, mead and cider and milk. This is because the water was not capable of being consumed unless boiled, only very poor Tudors would drink water.Common vegetables in the Tudor current were cabbages, onions, cauliflower, cucumbers, leeks, lettuce, spinach and turnips. The vegetables Brussels sprouts and broccoli were rare in the Tudor period.Common fruits were apples, strawberries, pears, plums, blackberries, melons, raspberries and lemons.It was believed that fruit was not good for you in the 16th century. So the rich ate preserved fruits like apple tarts. The poor could not afford preserved fruits.On certain days by law, Tudors had to eat fish instead of meat. This was made because of religious reasons, but in the Elizabethan era, it was to support the fishing industry as well.Poor Tudors had a dreary and unhealthy diet. They would only have a cooked meal once a day. Consisting of strips of meat or vegetables (if they could afford) also bread, cheese and maybe onions. This would give them very little energy for their day and make them extremely hungry. Their main source of food was bread.httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr7JkIcuM6DUMXBLhUp23_1Xg00S8PVivbkTMO-2qPx1l331GMb0oSXqGHZHthR9EfntPg7ABEZgj2rNpxEth0ZJb4O6_uyYm8Z5PJV-36j3WGRZyQYvcy5c3JOC7ouKY-DmsOeUCHMpvC/s1600/Tudor-seamen's-meal.jpgA setting of what a rich Tudor would eatThe rich Tudors could buy or hunt a range of meats. And they could buy rare fruits and vegetables as well. The rich would eat enough meat, but not enough vegetables. They had an unhealthy diet.Many Tudors used spices. Most of the food was heavily salted. It also could disguise the fact of rotten meat. The spices include cinnamon, cloves, salt, garlic, vinegar and sugar.Sugar was a rare luxury surprisingly it was also used on meat. It sweetened foods and raze disguised some that were rotten.During Easter, hot cross buns were made, but not always eaten as the y were considered and kept as lucky charms instead.During Christmas, Tudors enjoyed having mince pies. The pies had a with child(p) significance as they had ingredients that represented Jesus Christ. Which were raisins, currants, prunes, cloves, mace, black pepper, saffron and a few others.End of the TudorsElizabeth (the last of the Tudor line) died at the age of 69, in twenty-fourth march, 1603. After her death, many began to reflect one of Englands greatest periods. The Tudor period, lasting 118 years that altered the lives of the English people.http//www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/tudors/images/march/life.jpgTudor Life

CNS Involvement in GBS: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential

systema nervosum interchangee Involvement in GBS headwaystem Auditory elicited PotentialBRAINSTEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIAL AS AN INDEX OF CNS DEMYELINATION IN GB SYNDROMEDr. Smita Singh*, Dr. Nitesh Mishra**, Dr. Shraddha Singh, Dr. Sunita TiwariABSTRACTGuillain-Barr Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, frequently severe and fulminant polyradicular neuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. GBS manifest as rapidly evolving argonflexic force paralysis with or without centripetal disturbances. It mainly involves skirting(prenominal) nervous system and autonomic nervous system. There be rare evidences about the involvement of central nervous system (CNS) in GBS. The main objective of the get hold of was to assess the CNS involvement in GBS use the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP). The study was conducted in the clinical neurophysiology lab in the department of physiology, CSMMU Lucknow. Study classify involved 26 subjects (n=26) having GBS and control congregation involved 30 normal subjects (n=30). BAEPS were recorded by Neuroperfect- electromyogram 2000 EMG/NCV/EPsytem. The data so obtained were subjected to analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13.0. There was significant increase in PIII PV peak latencies and PI-PIII PI-PV interpeak latencies in both left and right ear in the study group, which showed the CNS involvement in GBS which can be assessed using BAEP.Key words Guillain-Barr Syndrome, telephone exchange Nervous System, Brainstem Auditory Evoked PotentialINTRODUCTIONGuillain-Barr Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, frequently severe and fulminant polyradicular neuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. GBS manifest as rapidly evolving areflexic motor paralysis with or without sensorial disturbances. The usual pattern is ascending paralysis i.e. weakness begins in distal limbs but rapidly advances to affect the proximal bodybuilder functions. Lower cranial nerves are usually involved causing bulbar weakness and diff iculty with handling secretions and maintaining airways. Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR) usually disappears with in 1st hardly a(prenominal) days of onset. Bladder dysfunction if evince is usually transient1.In severe cases of GBS autonomic involvement is common. Usual feature are vent of vasomotor control with wide fluctuation in blood pressure, postural hypotension and cardiac dysrhythmias. Pain is another common feature of GBS most common is slurred aching pain in weakened muscles.GBS shows mainly two types of pathophysiology, demyelinating figure out and axonal degeneration. Basis of demyelinating form is conduction block, which results in flaccid paralysis and sensory disturbances. Recovery is possible as remyelination occurs. Axonal degeneration shows s low rate of recovery and results in greater degree of residual disability.CSF shows albuminocytological dissociation that is elevated CSF protein take aim (100-1000gm/dl) without accompanying pleocytosis. CSF usually remains n ormal when duration of illness is less than 48 hours. CSF protein level increases at the end of first week of illness.Electrodiagnostic features are nutty or absent in early stages and lag behind clinical evolution. Demyelinating form shows prolonged distal latencies, slow conduction velocities, conduction block and lay dispersion of compound action potential. Axonal form shows decrease amplitude of compound action potential without conduction slowing and prolongation of latencies.There are several clinical, pathologic and electrophysiologic evidences that have established that GBS affects predominantly the peripheral nervous system. Focal demyelination of the Schwann cell derived myelin has been described. Neuropathologic and electrophysiologic evidences for involvement of central nervous system are rare.There are few studies2, 3, 4, 5, which have been performed to explore the involvement of CNS in GBS. However, there exists no study in the Indian environment regarding the same.T he pitch study is an effort to explore the CNS involvement in GBS by measuring auditory evoked potentials. This test evaluates the integrity of auditory (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential) pathway by measuring evoked potentials.Evoked potentials are recorded as electronic impulses by surface electrodes attached to the scalp. A computer extracts these low amplitude impulses from background brain wave activity and averages the signals from repeated stimuli.Brainstem auditory evoked potentials, produced by delivering clicks to the ear, and help to locate auditory lesions and evaluate brainstem integrity.MATERIAL METHODSThe study was conducted in the clinical neurophysiology lab in the department of physiology, CSMMU Lucknow. The subjects of study group were selected from neurology, pediatrics and medicine department of CSMMU Lucknow and selection of the subjects of study group had been do on the basis of detailed history, though clinical trial, laboratory investigatings and cli nically proven cases of GBS. Normal healthy controls were selected after through clinical examination and it was insured that they do not have any apparent clinical illness that may affect the evoked potentials.Clearance from the institutional ethical deputation was obtained written informed consent had been taken from the entire subjects study and control group. The study was conducted on clinically diagnosed cases of GBS of both sexes.The subjects were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical examination, and characteristic CSF profile (albuminocytological dissociation) and electrophysiological evidences of demyelination.Subjects having prior neurological illness, apparent earreach and visual impairment, AFP due to another cause were excluded from the study group.All the subjects of study and control group were tested under similar laboratory conditions. Subjects were given sufficient time to relax rapport had been established so that they feel comfortable and cooperate duri ng investigationRecordings of BAEPSBAEPS were recorded by Neuroperfect- EMG 2000 EMG/NCV/EPsytem. The EPs were recorded with disc electrode from standard scalp location.Electrode were placed at vertex (Cz, reference electrode) ,ipsilateral and contralateral mastoid wreak (Ai and Ac active electrode) and forehead (Fz, ground electrode) after proper cleaning the scalp or skin site with alcohol followed by EEG conducting glueFor recording 2000 click stimuli at the rate of 11Hz/sec with duration of .1 ms were delivered at 70 dB. The other ear was masked by pure innocence noise at 40 dB. This click generated by passing 0.1 ms square pulses trough shielded headphone. Electrical impedance was kept less than 5 kilo ohm.Peak latencies of all the waves I., II, III, IV and V and interpeak latencies of I-III,II-V and I-V were determined for both right and left ears separately.STATISTICAL ANALYSISThe data so obtained were subjected to analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SP SS) Version 13.0. The data has been shown as meanSD, to compare the difference between the normal and healthy controls t test for autarkic samples has been carried out. The confidence limit of the study was kept at 95%, hence a p value less than 0.05 denoted statistically significant difference.RESULTSTable 1 Peak Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials for Left Right Ears ** pTable 2 Inter-peak latencies for BAEP for Left Right Ears * PDISCUSSIONGuillian Barre syndrome (GBS) is regarded as a predominantly motor neuropathy with transient or absent sensory features. Although the central nervous system is rarely involved, GBS associated with CNS, manifestations has been described in children by Okumura et. al (2002)6. and in adults by Maier H et. al. (1997)3, and Muller HD et. al.(2003)4Maier H et. al. (1997)3 observed histopathological changes in CNS of GBS patients. He imbed infiltration of macrophages microglial cells and/or lymphocyte in different areas of central nervous system. Spinal cord and brainstem shows lymphocytic infiltration and microglial activation.Histopathological feature of CNS involvement is also observed by Muller HD et. al. (2003)4 in form of the cellular infiltration of spinal cord though not very significant and suggested CNS involvement in GBS occur, though rare. There are few studies which had demonstrated CNS (changes) lesion in GBS on neuroimaging.Nadkarni N et. al. (1993)7 observe MRI finding of CNS white matter lesion in patient of GBS who had developed symptoms of eye neuritis after plasmapharesis. These findings suggest there may be possibility of same antigenic mechanism of pathogenesis in CNS as well as peripheral nervous system.Okumura et. al. (2002)6 reported the clinical course and electrophysiological and neuroimaging of a patient of GBS associated with CNS lesion. He found mild slowing of background activities without paroxysmal discharge in electroencephalogram (EEG), mildly prolonged N2 latency with abnormal waveform i n VEPs. BAEPs were unremarkable. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) there were multiple lesions in cortex and sub-cortex in the right occipital lobe and in the deep white matter in both frontal lobes. Despite all these lesions there was no unvarnished CNS manifestation in the case.This implies that an association of CNS involvement in patients with GBS could be under estimated because some lesions can be clinically silent.The present study was an effort to evaluate central nervous system involvement in patients of GBS in Indian population because there is no study regarding the same performed in the India.In the view of known pathologic involvement of most proximal portion of peripheral nerves in GBS, the most likely cause of these BAEP abnormalities is focal demyelination of Schwann cell derived myelin sheath that covers the extramedullary portion of the auditory nerves.Prolongation I-III IPL indicative of lesion in the auditory nerve to medullary junction or lower pons Varolii around superior olive trapezoid body. The prolongation of I-V IPL suggests the abnormality of conduction of auditory signals from the proximal auditory nerve to the mesencephalon via pons.The findings of the study of BAEPs are same and show similarity with the results of study done by Zgorzalewicz M et. al. (2003)8 except there is an additional finding of IPL III-V prolongation in our study.In the study done by Schiff JA et. al. (1985)9 had also found prolonged I-III inter peak latencies (IPL) in five of six patients of GBS and I-V IPL in two of six patients, these results are comparable with the present study. Ropper AH et. al. (1986)10 also find the BAEP abnormality in the form of I-III and III-V IPL prolongation in patients of GBS, though that was not clinically significant.Whereas Nelson KR et. al. (1988)11, find the BAEPs abnormality in patients of GBS as prolongation of wave II latency and total absence of BAEM wave form in the early stage of disease and with the complaints o f sudden onset of deafness, hearing improved with the recovery and BAEP abnormality of conduction block was replaced as a prolongation of wave I latency. After convalescent period BAEPs become normal. In present study there was no case present as similar complaint and BAEPs finding.Topcou M et. al. (1993)12 had performed evoked potential study in patients of GBS and found BAEPs and VEPs values were abnormal in some patients during early course of illness, though the values were not statistically significant.Wong V et. al. (1997)13 had found BAEPs abnormality in miller Fischer syndrome (MFS), a variant of GBS. His findings of BAEPs abnormalities suggest proximal auditory nerve and brainstem involvement.CONCLUSIONThus it can be concluded from our study that though very much ignored, the central nervous system demyelination does occur in Guillain-Barr Syndrome (GBS) and the same can be assessed using evoked potentials like Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP).REFERENCESHarriso ns rule of internal medicine, 15th ed. McGraw-Hill 2001.Lobuz-Roszak B, Pierzchala K, Kapustecki J, GBS central nervous system symptoms, Neurol Neurochir Pol 2004 May-June 38 (3) 221-6.Maier H, Schmidbauer m, pfausler B et al., Central nervous system pathology in patients with the GBS, Brain, 1997 Mar, (pt 3) 451-64Muller HD, Beckman A, Schroder JM, Inflammatory infiltrates in the spinal cord of patients with GBS, Acta Neropathol (Berl) , 2003 Dec, 106 (60 509-17Nadkarni N, Lisak Rp , GBS with bilateral optic neuritis and central white matter disease, Neurology, 1993 Apr, 43(4) 842-3Okumura A , Ushida H , Maruyama K et al., GBS associated with central nervous system lesions, Arch dis boor 2002 Apr 86 (4) 304-6.Nadkarni N, Lisak Rp , GBS with bilateral optic neuritis and central white matter disease, Neurology, 1993 Apr, 43(4) 842-3Zgorzalewicz M Zielinska, Kilarski D. Brain stem auditory visual evoked potential in children adolescents with GBS, Neurol Neurochir Pol, 2004 3 8(1Suppll) 531-7Schiff JA , Cracco RQ, Cracco JB, Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in GBS, Neurology. 1985 May 35 (5).Ropper AH, Chiappa KH, Evoked potentials in GBS, Neurology, 1986 Apr 36(4) 587-90Nelson KR , Gilmore RL, Massey A , Acoustic nerve conduction abnormalities in GBS ,Neurology, 1988 Aug 38(8) 1263-6Topcu M, Ergin M, Nurlu G et al., Evoked potential in GBS, Turk J Pediator, 1993 Apr- Jun 35Wong V. A neurophysiological study in children with Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain Barre Syndrome. Brain Dev. 1997 Apr 19(3) 197-204.

Save Water And Save The Future Environmental Sciences Essay

Save Water And Save The Future Environmental Sciences EssayThe above mentioned title would look gaga fashioned and rise known but if you look in to this issue you would understand how true i am and how serious the issue is?Water is inherent for maintaining healthy Environments and for social and economic development. As population increases and development take upks for increased proportions of surface piss and ground peeing for the agriculture industrial sectors and domestic sectors the squash on body of water resources intensifies, which leads in excessive pressure on the environment , conflicts among users and tensions. Due to increase in demand and dissipated use and due to unremitting increase in the population brought ab give away tautness in smart water resources.Do you believe a fact By 2025, 1 800 cardinal people exit be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions.About 20% of the worlds population live in countries where there is a scarcity of water and they are unable to access natural water source. At present 2.6 gazillion lack access to proper sanitation and 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water. In both developed and developing countries climate miscellany is affecting water resources which may cause different types of di seases.A country with increasing threat to its water summate is known as water stressed. By 2025 about 1800 million people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions.Some of the facts to be taken note here and why we have a responsibility to act?1.70%of the worlds surface is covered by water out of which 97.5% of ihis is salt water. Of the remaining 2.5% that is fresh water 68.7% isfrozen in ice caps and glaciers while only 1% of the total resources on earth are available for humanity use.2. On an average a Canadian uses 3 26 liters a day while a person in Saharan Africa uses about 10-20 liters a day.3.Out of the discharges that are settle dumped in to the water 90% is from sewage and 70% is from industries polluting the usable water supply .4. . in developed countries 30% of fresh water supplies are woolly-headed due to leakage and the loss may run to a high of 40% to 70% in some cities.5. Canada controls about 20%of the earths fresh water.statistical distribution of Earths Watersoursource http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.htmlComing in to the real time scenario I would take one of the major(ip) cities like Mumbai that would justify my statement here you cigaret see how water plays an important role day todays human life.Mumbais Water SupplyIf Mumbai British Administrators has not seriously about the agitation over drinking water problem in 1845 perhaps, would have been as stressed for water as Chennais people are now Like Chennai, Mumbai would also depended on wells and ponds/lakes f or its water supply. Due to increase in population ingress of seawater and depletion of ground water sources has been caused in Chennai.Mumbais major water bodies with in the catchmentWater resources in Vaitarna River drainage basin and Ulhas River basins have been identified as there will be an increase in population in the coming years. take the. The plan for Middle Vaitarna is at an advanced stage and a dam will be constructed at a cost of Rs1, 250crore to avail 455mld water. Middle Vaitarna, Gargai and Pinjal are gravity sources, whereas the Ulhas river basin sources will need pumping water adding to the cost 5,108hectares will be submerged, while people of 19 villages will be affected.Before Independence, Tansa was the major source which runs along Bombay-Agra road. afterwards independence, water supply to Malabar Hill Reservoir and Bhandarwada Reservoir increased as a tunnel was built between vaitarana and tansa, while the remaining areas are served from the major water bodi es.Domestic Water ConsumptionShows the average requirement of water in terms of litres per consumer per day lpcdPurposeMaximumAverageMinimumDrinking,cookingdish washables504030Bathing502515Toilet flushing504030Washing clothes502015Cleaning Gardening2510Car washing5TOTAL23013590 etymon http//www.bcpt.org.in/webadmin/publications/pubimages/watersupply.pdfObstacles in the systemsThere was a problem with the water supply though it was laid successfully due to mismanagement and unaccounted amount of water supply. Moreover, metering errors, low tax rates, billing mistakes and low recuperation rate burden the system.Also, incentives should be offered through rebates on advanced payments, conservation practices such as pelting harvest-time and water recycling.Mumbai Water Tariff organiseCategoryWater charges(Rs/1000 Litres)Domestic Stand Post BuildingChawls2.253.50Halls, Hospitals, Playgrounds, Swimming Pools etc10.50Industries, Dhobi Ghats, Government Premises, etc.18.00Refineries, Airports, Public Sector Undertakings, etc.25.00Race course and Hotels38.00sewer charges are at 60% of water chargessource http//www.bcpt.org.in/webadmin/publications/pubimages/watersupply.pdfThere was an increase in population by about 11 millions from 1948 till now, which increased the water supply by five times during these five decades .By 2021there will be a pass on increase in population by 25 % and authorization to supplement water supply is more than double which can be achieved by developing sources in Vaitarna and Ulhas river basins. But these are costly propositions both in human and environmental terms and financially. For Mumbais luxurious need of water, is it fair to displace people from eight villages in Vaitarna and 19 villages in Ulhas river basins and submerge some 9,000hectares of potent estate of the realm as well as cause environmental degradation? Instead, can we look at alternativesWater is highly vulnerable to air, ground and land water pollution , not on ly in the form of diffuse source pollution, but also point source ,waste disposal to air or soil in a variety of forms, such as effluent irrigation, dumping, mining wastes or gaseous emissions.Major pressures on water use outgrowth population, urbanisation, deforestation, global warming, climatic changes, pollution, rapid industrialisation, droughts and floods are some reasons of the increased pressure on the active water bodies.Then, there are other factors like sorry management of water supply, unending exploitation of resources, massive wastage etc.Population expansion is the single biggest reason behind the increased pressure on fresh water resourcesIndustrial and agriculture-related pollution is another prime contributor. Millions of tons of waste are being disposed everyday into the lakes, rivers and streams polluting whatever little water we have, making them unfit for human consumption. The growing urbanisation has also increased the pressure on our towns and cities, in wh ich around 48 per cent of the worlds population lives, amounting to almost half(prenominal) of the worlds total water consumption.The bhatsa lake which is located in Thane district, is one of the major source of drinking water to Mumbai. In an incident about 700 kg of dead weight were found floating in the lake . Initially the authorities blamed it on local residents for poisoning the lake water to catch fish. But later tests by Mumbai-based important Institute of Fisheries Education showed high levels of oil and grease effluents in the water. Local residents say the waste oil has been released by Shahpur-based Liberty Oil Mills Ltd.Source http//www.rainwater crop.org/Crisis/Industrial-pollution.htmReport on Mithi River Water Pollution by Klean Environmental Consultants Pvt Ltd.Major Pressures on water qualityWater quality will also decline with increasing water temperatures and pollution levels. The report positions 122 countries based on their ability to cleanse the situatio n and quality of their water . Because of the low quantity and quality of its groundwater which is further combined with heavy industrial pollution and piteous treatment of wastewater Belgium is considered as worst . It is followed by 1.Morocco,2. India, 3. Jordan ,4. Sudan , 5. Niger, 6. Burkina Faso, 7.Burundi , 8. Central African Republic and 9. Rwanda. The list of countries with the take up water quality is lead by Finland followed by 2.Canada, 3. New Zealand , 4. United Kingdom , 5.Japan , 6.Norway, 7. Russian Federation , 8. Republic of Korea , 9.Sweden and 10.France.Problem faced by the poor in gaining access to water is one of the major concerns in water resource management related to increasing population . By pollution of existing water bodies by industries, poor drainage and runoff from the indiscriminate use of fertilizer and pesticides are further aggravating the problem .water has been found to be the arcsecond most important income generator after land. These envir onmental changes have put the rural poor in disadvantaged positionsMajor health-related environmental concerns also admit , A high population density in rural areas leads to degradation and violation of natural habitats, the rate of population increase in urban areas outstrips attempts to improve provisions for water supply and sanitation.After all discussions one can convey note there must be proper realistic efforts and remedies to be taken by everyone to prevent this problemRain Water Harvesting Ground Water UseEarlier, rainwater was the main source of water supply and it was collected in tanks. People used to measure the height of collected rainwater in the tank and accordingly decide how much to establish from it to make it last over the year now, with piped water supply, this traditional way of conservation of water has been forgotten.Mumbai was blessed with number of tanks like Mumba Devi, Manamala, Babula, Govalia, Gilder, Banganga, etc.Old methods of rainwater harvestin g are restored , perhaps, there will be no need for future water supply schemes on Vaitarna and Ulhas river basins. There are many other benefits from rainwater harvesting. The groundwater table will rise, water quality will improve, salinity in water will reduce, cracks in the buildings will be minimised, etc.Rainwater harvesting by capturing runoff from the rooftops / terraces and surrounding surface water will not only increase ground water recharge and stop ingress of sea water but will get Mumbai out of its monsoon floods problem. Water harvesting in Mumbai will reduce storm water discharge as well as reduce the load of sewerage treatment, thus controlling the dreadful monsoon floods. Rainwater can be stored in tanks or can be recharged into the groundwater. desalinizationMumbai can make use of abundant availability of seawater, desalinate for potable water and thus, augment water supply instead of going in for obscure method of constructing dams reservoirs and supporting tha t systemWater RecyclingAbout 80% of distributed water is discharged as wastewater. If a part of wastewater is treated and re-used, it can cover the projected demand deficiencyAn example of water recycling can be seen at Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus of the Central Railway which set up a water recycling plant of 0.2million capacity in 1999 at a cost of Rs24lakhThe used water is collected and treated for cleaning concrete aprons of the railway platforms thus saving potable water.Water ConservationAbout 71% of the earths surface is covered with water but 97% of this is seawater, 2% is locked in polar ice caps and glaciers and hardly 1% of water is available as freshwater. Hence, we need to conserve every drop of water. We have got to develop the habit of victimisation less water and stopping wasteful and luxurious use of waterIdeally, therefore, the housing complexes should have proper rain water harvesting system and draw groundwater for non-drinking purposes. Even if water from bore-we lls is used for toilet flushing (50lpcd) and cleaning (10lpcd), the load on the piped water supply will come down to 50%. This means that the similar piped water supply will be sufficient for double the population. Recycling of the water used for washing is possible by re-using it for watering the garden, further speech down the load on the overworked system. Desalination of sea water will obliterate the need to set up newer projects that require transporting water from 100km at a high capital cost it will also make that resource available to other needy water scarce areas.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Political Beliefs -- Grapes Wrath e

The Grapes of fury and Steinbecks Political Beliefs Steinbecks relationship to the transcendentalists Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman was pointed out soon after The Grapes of Wrath appeared by Frederick I. Carpenter, and as the thirties fade into history, Jim Casy with his idea of the holiness of all men and the unreality of sin seems less a product of his own narrowly doctrinaire age than a latter-day wanderer from the green village of Concord to the dry plains of the West. Although Steinbeck argues for collective action to achieve specific goals, scarce the most(prenominal) unperceptive critics continue to argue that he is a collectivist in either philosophy or politics. Throughout his work he decries the mindless indoctrination of the totalitarians and maintains that only through reflection upon his bitter experience can learn the value of acting in concert with others for the relief of emergency conditions -- like the flood at the end of The Grapes of Wrath -- so that the in dividual may subsequently be free to realize his own potentialities. Nothing better illustrates Steinbecks concept of social placement than the pictures in Chapter Seventeen of The Grapes of Wrath of the world that is created each night a people come together, and disappears the next morning when they separate. In reference to the government camps in The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck never suggests that these camps should offer more than temporary relief during emergencies he never suggests that the government should provide work for the people. We must recall, too, the camp managers comment that the people in the camp had taken his job away from him by assuming responsibilities for self-government. Steinbecks approval ... ... the question How can any form of government avoid playing a continual role in the shaping of peoples lives, whether directly or indirectly? Simply to prove that Steinbeck was not a socialist, a rather easy tax these days thanks to the work of Steinbeck s cholars in the 60s and 70s, does not mean that he was a conservative bastion of American individualism and an opponent of big government. much(prenominal) a portrait of Steinbeck is as inaccurate as the socialist portrait French and Lisca exposed. Works Consulted French, Warren. A Companion to The Grapes of Wrath. impudently York The Viking Press, 1963. Hawgood, John A. Americas Western Frontiers. New York Alfred P. Knopf, 1967. Jones, Evan. The Plains States. New York Time Life Books, 1968. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York The Sun Dial Press, 1939.

Aboriginal History and Culture Essay examples -- Essays papers

Aboriginal History and CultureAborigines are believed to have lived in Australia for between 60,000 and 40,000 years, their early ancestors coming from South-East Asia. Precise population details for the occlusion before European colonisation are unavailable, but it is estimated that there were between 300,000 and 1,000,000 Aborigines in Australia when European settlers first arrived in 1788. These natives formed approximately 500 tribes, severally associated with its own language and stretch of territory. Although the sizes of the tribes varied, they had much in common. The Aborigines were not natural cultivators of the land - fertile land was obviously scarce - and Australia (before the European colonisation) had no animals adequate for herding, so the Aborigines lived by hunting and gathering food. The size of the tribe and the extent to which they could hunt and gather were limited by the proximity and quantity of fresh water, necessitating a semi-nomadic lifestyle. As the num bers of the tribe swelled and/or supplies of water dwindled, subgroups set out to discover new waters and set up new territories. severally tribe was led by religious leaders, with no political chief or formal government, and was broken down into bands (hunting groups) and also local descent groups (family units). These family units were vitally important, as all members of a tribe were related. The territory of the tribe was centred on the place where its ancestors had originally settled, and it was b...